Plastics-Advantages and Disadvantages

An average time for a plastic bottle to biodegrade fully is approximately 450-1000 years. However, there are many different kinds of plastic in the world, most commonly the hard and reusable ones, which take a longer time, and the soft and non-reusable ones, which take a shorter time. Time also varies with the size of the bottle. The obvious disadvantage is the length of time it takes plastic to break down as well as the harmful chemicals that will be released. You may find that in garbages 90% or more will be of plastics only. so its main disadvantage is its non bio degradable nature.. nd by some means if tried to burn it then it will create much envi pollution!! Advantages The durability, strength, low cost, water and chemicals resistance, welding properties, lesser energy and heavy chemicals requirements in manufacture, fewer atmosphere emissions and light weight are advantages of plastic bags. Many studies comparing plastic versus paper for shopping bags show that plastic bags ha ve less net environmental effect than paper bags, requiring less energy to produce, transport and recycle; however these studies also note that recycling rates for plastic are significantly lower than for paper. 2]  Plastic bags  can be incinerated in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy. Plastic bags are stable and benign in sanitary landfills. [3] Plastic carrier bags can be reused as trash bags or bin bags. Plastic bags are complimentary in many locations but are charged or â€Å"taxed† in others. Disadvantages The following disadvantages have also been identified: Plastic bags are made of petrochemicals, a nonrenewable resource. Plastic bags are flimsy and often do not stand up as well as paper or cloth. When disposed of improperly, they are unsightly and represent a hazard to wildlife. Conventional plastic bags are not readily biodegradable in a  sanitary landfill. Plastic bags can cause unsupervised infants to suffocate. [4]   They clog roadside drains, which could cause the flooding of the street at heavy rainfalls. Advantages: It's useful for carrying things, and can be reusable. Disadvantages: It takes 100 years to biodegrade, and if plastics are thrown and left anywhere it could get to animals and harm them The disadvantages of using plastic bags is that you cant recycle them and that's horrible for our planet , like what the world is saying to us, â€Å"help make me stay green† —— As a self declared environmentalist, I am at odds with using plastic bags versus using reusable cloth bags (also called reuse bags), because both types of bags have advantages and disadvantages. Here is why. First, plastic bags are cheap, so they can be given away free without thought. Cloth bags are much more individually expensive, and only become cost effective in the very long term assuming they last a long enough time. Second, plastic bags can be found everywhere. Only large chain stores carry reusable bags and for a cost. So you need to remember to bring enough cloth bags each time you go to the store. Third, I reuse plastic bags at home as trash bags instead of buying trash bags. Why pay for trash bags when plastic bags are free? And trash bags are only used once, unlike plastic bags that can be used at least twice. Also, plastic bags are great for wet and messy waste that you wouldn’t want to dirty a cloth bag with. For example, plastic bags are perfect for dirty diapers or gooey kitchen waste. Fourth, after I’ve collected a large number of plastic bags, they are easy to recycle. Are reuse cloth bags recyclable? Will they degrade over time buried in a landfill? I don’t know which type of bag is more environmentally friendly. Finally, cloth bags are much sturdier than plastic bags, so you can put more in cloth bags thus carry more per bag and they last a lot longer if you are careful with them. As a result, I find that I use both reuse cloth bags and plastic bags, since I have a reasonable need for both types of bags.

Debate on Genetically Modified Food Essay

For millions of years, the world has evolved and developed, by selective breeding to adapt into the society, which it is today. Natural adaptations and changes have occurred in various species of plants and animals, which even modern scientists cannot explain. Our world has survived for†¦ well forever, without genetically enhanced produce, so why should it invade humanity now, just because ‘we can’? Many scientists, who are in favour of GM foods, claim that it is simply the next step on from selective breeding; however they seem to have overlooked one difference. Genetic modification of anything requires the introduction of ‘alien’ genes into a species, to modify it and this is certainly not a natural process. For example, GM Soya has been modified using genes that will make it resistant to certain herbicides, such as ’roundup’. Although this may seem like a good thing on the surface, what happens when the pollen from these GM foods is passed on to native species? Aspects like this seem to have been overlooked. It is also a worry, because genetic engineering can be very unpredictable and the damaging effects of GM foods irreversible; if left unconfined it could get out of control. It is possible to end up creating harmful characteristics – such as toxins – unawares. This doesn’t necessarily condemn GMOs but it proves the unpredictability of genetic manipulation. The establishment for GM foods is keen to cover up any findings, which may turn people against GM foods, (possibly due to the huge profits involved). One particular scientist, in a report from the ‘Rowett Research Institute’, had been independently researching the effects of GM potatoes on rats. What his studies found was that they had a detrimental effect on the immune system and the growth of the rats. However when the establishment found this out, this man was reduced from being a well-respected researcher to a ‘mad cap scientist’. Although it is agreed that genetically modifying grain to include beta-carotene (vitamin C) may aid hunger and poor eyesight problems in third world countries, there is a large-scale scandal going on among large biotech companies, who want to increase their already large profits. GM food production, gives larger firms a ‘loop hole’ in which they are able to abuse the power of modifying these crops to their own specification. Recently, there have been reports that these companies have developed ‘doomsday’ seeds, which they want to sell onto the world market – particularly the struggling third world. These seeds have been genetically modified, so that once they have grown, the seeds they produce will genetically destroy themselves. These seeds may be an excellent money-spinner for the firms who sell them, but surely it is morally and ethically wrong to sell such seeds to poor and starving countries? The companies also have the added leverage over other seed producers because they are able to genetically modify their plants to grow faster and thus their seeds are cheaper than others. These people in the third world will eventually be forced into a downward spiral of having to buy new crops every year, because they are unable to afford the more expensive ‘normal’ seeds. And what would happen if these genes happened to escape into the environment? GM â€Å"genes† may spread into wild populations with unpredictable and potentially harmful consequences; In this case, they may even cause crops to produce sterile seeds, which could have an adverse effect on the ecosystem. If we are to have confidence in GM foods, then larger businesses should be kept out of research. The way GM foods are being exploited by powerful corporations is a threat to democracy. These crops are unsustainable in light of longer-term plans and the great majority of the GM market is focussed more on profit rather than improving our diet. Insufficient testing has taken place to ensure their safety for public consumption. Research should be carried out independently, to assess whether such foods would be a benefit to our society and the effects it will have on the eco-system. Only then should they be allowed onto the market.

Robots in Manufacturing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Robots in Manufacturing - Assignment Example Without a doubt, these robots have started playing significant roles in different areas but this report discusses the role of robots in manufacturing. It is an admitted fact that organizations those are engaged in manufacturing industries need automated systems to deal with their varying needs. In this scenario, robots are reprogrammable, multifunctional machine intended to move material, tools, parts or particular devices through a variety of engineered motions for performing various tasks. This report has studied the uses of robots in various areas of manufacturing. The use of robots in manufacturing is believed to be very helpful for the reason that manufacturing industries require dealing with complicated machines and working on these machines involves serious risk factors especially related to human health. In this scenario, the use of robots can help manufacturing industries deal with these serious issues as well as save lots of costs associated with manufacturing process. In t his report I have studied various aspects associated with robots with respect to their usage in manufacturing. In this report I have discussed how the use of robots allows manufacturing industries to reduce costs by replacing machines with humans. This report presents interesting facts regarding robots that allow readers to get a detailed insight of robots especially their functionality and advantages in manufacturing. ABSTRACT In the past few years, the use of robots has increased in every area of business organizations. Additionally, many organizations have adopted robots for various purposes such as for packaging, installation, moving materials from one unit to another. This report discusses the use of robots in manufacturing industries. The use of robots in manufacturing industries brings a number of benefits such as reduction in costs and saving from health related issues. The basic purpose of this research is to discuss how robots can be used in manufacturing and what benefits can be achieved by the organizations through the adoption of these robots. This report summarizes the concepts discussed by various authors and analyzes it to present the role of robots in manufacturing. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The competitive environment for manufacturers today has necessitated it for them to be more productive, efficient and dynamic. Since customers are the ultimate stakeholder, all businesses are moving towards meeting their expectations and fulfilling their satisfaction by adopting automated manufacturing to improve in quality cost and timeliness aspects. Moreover, equipment deployed by business in manufacturing processes and operations need to be efficiently utilized to their maximum capacity to enhance profitability. This has been made possible through usage of robots for handling, running and managing machinery, tools and equipment’s (Mathur et al., 2011, p.77). Hundreds of enterprises have succeeded in their business by switching to automated man ufacturing to avail its benefits and exploit new opportunities and horizons (Papakostas et al.,

Debate on the causes of global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Debate on the causes of global warming - Essay Example While a dialectic method is used, it is used poorly, and there are almost no attempts at synthesis. The main topoi used by all sides are scientific data, but they are used poorly. There are three separate arguments made in the debate. One group of scientists claims that global warming is not occurring, another group claims that global warming is occurring because of natural changes in the earth's climate such as an increase in the level of solar radiation reaching the earth or changes in the patterns of winds, ocean currents, or volcanic activity, and another group claims that global warming is occurring because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the large scale combustion of fossil fuels by humans that started during the time of the first industrial revolution and continues up to the present day. There are several different types of arguments used by scientists that deny the existence of global warming. The three main scientific arguments used by that side of the debate are claims that temperatures in the upper atmosphere have fallen in the last few decades, an argument that meteorological data from the last century is inaccurate because of the heat island effect, and a claim that differences in the way that average temperature is measured today cause average temperatures today to appear higher than they were in earlier decades. The claim that the temperatures in the upper atmosphere have fallen in the last few decades is the weakest of the three because there is no scientific proof that temperatures in the upper atmosphere have any correlation with ground temperatures. The temperature data was also slightly modified for scientific reasons in the survey, and scientists who claim that global warming is happening say that it was modified incorrectly. The argument that the heat island effect; or the effect of thermometers in weather stations being in highly developed areas where there are many heat-retaining ground coverings, such as buildings, concrete, and asphalt; is the cause of the observed rise in temperatures is a better argument, but there have been no attempts to analyze the effects of increasing urbanization quantitatively or show the exact levels of new development around each weather station. The claim that average temperatures appear higher because temperatures are now taken four times each day instead of twice is an even better argument, because the temperatures taken at the two other times are usually closer to the daily high than the daily low, and that causes the average daily temperature for each day to appear higher. However, it has been claimed that average highs and average lows have both risen in the past few decades, making this argument seem less convincing. Nonscientific arguments made by scientists and others that claim that glob al warming is not occurring include an argument that there is a global conspiracy against capitalism or the United States by socialists or internationalists using environmental junk science and the argument that most environmentalist scientists thought that there was a pattern of global cooling and the risk of a new ice age in the 1970s. Both arguments are ad hominem attacks. While many of the scientists that support the theory of human-caused Global Warming are extreme environmentalists, there is

MKT501 Strategic Marketing - Mod 4 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MKT501 Strategic Marketing - Mod 4 SLP - Essay Example Even knowledge is not enough, as a potential consumer may have to be influenced by others or by the uniqueness of the product or service offering. In modern times, where different varieties of the same product or service are made available for different segments of the population, one may follow different strategies to create appeals or desires among different segments of the population, depending on its demographic, psychographic and lifestyle analysis (Kotler & Keller, 2011). Branding, advertising, personal selling, industrial selling and sales promotion and distribution efforts all constitute different types of promotion strategies for a product or service. Taking the example of a car as introduced in Module 1, we can see that advertising on television and billboards, sales promotion though different offers such as prizes in lucky draws connected with another product, and special deals available at car dealers are some of the methods that are used by automobile companies to induce people to buy their products. Of course, online advertising is another means to attract consumers of all types and income groups across the spectrum. Automobile companies usually show off their latest models inviting us to click their ads and browse the details of various models available. There is even a good market for second hand cars. As to the different marketing ploys used to attract different groups of customers, typically the higher income groups, celebrities and the t rend setters are shown the faster and sleeker varieties. Depending on the family size, a Pajero, a sedan or a Landcruiser may also be a good choice. On the other hand, while targeting a middle class family, a roomy and ergonomically designed car like a Camry would be a good choice. For the classier lot, a Lexus would be a good option. Similarly we have cars for the lower end as well, or those available at a discount being second hand cars. In this way the different segments of the market for

Airline Planning and Management CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Airline Planning and Management CW - Essay Example There are 3 major types of tickets: Booking one month ahead for the cheapest ticket, booking one week ahead and lastly booking the flexible ticket 2 days ahead. The prices in table 3 are given for the flexible tickets and for a day return trip on a weekday. These prices are used in order to simplify the calculations for the fares. Also holidays could not be excluded by presenting other ticket types, whereas the fares are significantly higher. Prices include taxes and charges for a roundtrip. Worth mentioning is that all fares are from London and it is assumed that the price is similar on the other direction. However, the denomination of pricing is different due to Euro/Pound rate differences between Porto and London, respectively. The airport of choice in London for the new airline is London City. Therefore, the new airline will serve the route London City (LCY) in London, UK to Francisco SÃ ¡ Carneiro Airport Porto (OPO) in Portugal. to date there is only one direct flight in each direction at the weekdays from London to OPO with several non-direct flights in addition. In table 3 (b), the airlines have been limited to only non-direct flights that do not fly longer than 5 hours. This means that non-direct flights flying longer than 5 hours are excluded. Following figure 1 demonstrates the short distance between LCY and OPO and the resulting benefits of establishing direct flights: Travellers will appreciate the short length of travel and direct flight option to and from OPO There is a number of factors that make the choice of LCY-OPO highly suitable. Main reason is the total number of carriers plying the route. Because of the availability of multiple airline carriers, there is much competition at the major airports, making travellers prefer LCY because of its size, reduced crowd numbers, fast check-in processes and reduces waiting times. Passengers are also guaranteed

Implementation Project for the Role of the Clinical Nurse Leader in Coursework

Implementation Project for the Role of the Clinical Nurse Leader in Palliative Care - Coursework Example In the history of mankind, medical treatment for diseases has undergone radical changes during the recent years and now it encompasses the issues associated with technological advancements, socioeconomic dimensions, palliative care for the terminally ill, management of chronic illness and promotion of health and prevention of diseases. Palliative care is an area in the profession where the nursing professionals play an important role compared to the other medical professionals, and it calls for involvement and dedication on the part of the nurses. The role of the nurses is not limited to providing medical care but extends to psychosocial care taking into consideration the entire gamut of the issues involved in the well being of the patients. The amelioration of the hardships faced by the patients which is predominantly the focal issue of the profession is very complex as it is also related to the psychological conditions, the level knowledge, the social background and the economic co nditions of the patients. It is also important to note that the understanding and support of the family members and friends plays a crucial role in the care given to the patients. Apart from streamlining the day-to-day operations, the most important role of the clinical nurse leader lies in instilling confidence in the minds of the patients in managing their own affairs with less and less dependence on the institutions and the family members or friends through empowering them. This will resolve uncertainties in the relationship, improves the quality of care and satisfaction of the patients. This will also in the long run translate into reduction in length of stay in the hospitals, less dependence on human resources of the hospital, understanding of the practical implications of the treatment for readjusting their mind-set in facing the problems with clarity. This will make the patients to approach the service providers as and when the need arises rather than putting continuous press ure on them. This paper seeks to study the role of the Clinical Nurse Leader in relation to the staff nurses and the nurse extenders in increasing the direct care activities and efficiency in time management with the aim of improvement in patient outcomes in a hospital setup with Palliative Care Division having four wards; one for children, two general wards and one for ICU staffed with medical professionals, nurses and social workers. Mostly, the patients admitted are terminally ill who need palliative and psychosocial care. The diagnoses vary from cancers of various sorts to chronic pancreatitis. The services in respect of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and physiotherapy are provided by the specialists drawn from the other division(s) attached to the hospital based on the requisitions from Palliative Care, apart from the medical professionals attached to the palliative care. The critical areas of study relate to staffing plan, recruitment plan, training, and performance evaluation. It is an accepted principle that delegation of authority is possible, but not delegation of responsibilities. The position of Clinical Nurse Leader calls for greater responsibilities which include the responsibility for the performance of the whole team. Therefore, specific patient or staff outcomes need to be measurable for effective control and management. Though

Management of international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of international business - Essay Example The company is also committed to meeting deadlines following a well organized work schedules. Most of our clients are referred to the company by previous clients indicating that we offer quality services that are customer satisfactory. In addition, it demonstrates that the company is committed to its work and very reliable besides the good customer relations that the company has established. This is the main reason why the company has continued to be relevant over the past fifty years. The company has incorporated sustainability principle in its principles. It utilizes construction materials efficiently and effectively to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on humans and detrimental effects on the environment following the company’s activities. The company has a deep understanding on the need for development that is sustainable. Our construction activities meet the international standards of construction with a long term vision of conserving ecological systems. Holder Con struction Company advocates for environmental impact assessment in order to weigh the costs and benefits that are likely to accrue from the development projects. In addition, the company has employed accredited environmental health officers who are experts in the area of environmental impact assessment as well as environmental audit that can be offered to assess if the environmental mitigation measures that were recommended are being achieved. The company is committed to its social responsibility. It is responsive and follows requirements that have been recommended by intergovernmental regulations. For instance, The Rio declaration on Environment and Development, Participatory Principles, Sustainability Principle, and The Precautionary Principle among other environmental principles and policies. Holder Construction Company has a department that drives its goals and mission of implementing sustainability development and Corporate Responsibility through its Sustainability Development Department. The department has a sole responsibility of giving the necessary advice required prior to the actual construction and during construction. This indicates how much we attach a lot of value in efforts towards Corporate Responsibility. The company holds sustainable practices at heart. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility, also known as Corporate Citizenship, is a framework that is used to evaluate a company’s performance against parameters including social and environmental parameters including economic parameters. The main aim of Corporate Social

Discuss the development of Eddie Carbones character Essay Example for Free

Discuss the development of Eddie Carbones character Essay ‘’A View From The Bridge’’ is a play written by Arthur Miller in the mid-1950’s. Set during the Great Depression in around 1940, the play sees main character Eddie Carbone lead a stable life with his wife and niece in a tightly-woven community in Brooklyn, New York. Due to his sincerity, he is respected by the local community and he has his destiny plotted out for him. However, as the tragic play unfolds, Eddie makes a series of mistakes which affect his relationship with others and ultimately result in a catastrophe. Eddie Carbone is a traditional Italian-American, who earns his living as a longshoreman. He leads an ordinary life with his wife (Beatrice) and his niece (Catherine). Beatrice loves Eddie, this is shown when Beatrice says ‘’You’re an angel! God’ll bless you.’’. The word ‘’angel’’ suggests that Beatrice loves Eddie as she is comparing him to an angel. Furthermore, this shows the audience that Beatrice is a traditional woman as she is praising (therefore supporting) her husband. In the era they lived in, men and women were expected to follow the traditional values of their communities. Men were authoritative in the house and usually the breadwinners whilst women were housewives; women were expected to support and obey their husbands. Another member of Eddie’s family includes his niece, Catherine; whom Eddie is protective over. This is shown when Eddie says to Catherine ‘’Listen, you been givin’ me the willies the way you walk down the street’’. The word ‘’willies’’ suggests that Eddie feels uncomfortable with the way Catherine walks down the street. He feels this way because he has a close relationship with Catherine who looks up to him as a father-like figure. An important aspect of Eddie’s character that is presented to the audience is his attitude towards snitching. He feels strongly against snitching, this is shown when he insults snitchers by calling them ‘’stool pigeons’’, using this word suggests that Eddie thinks lowly of people committing such acts. Furthermore, Eddie warns Catherine of snitches when he asks Beatrice to tell Catherine the story of Vinny Bolzano (a teenager who snitched on his uncle to the Immigration Bureau). When Rodolfo and Marco arrive; troubles start to brew up and Eddie’s behaviour changes significantly. Eddie becomes more aggravated, this is shown when in the stage directions it says ‘’He is sizing up Rodolfo’’. This shows that Eddie is trying to taunt Rodolfo by comparing their heights (height is a symbol of power). In addition, when Eddie says to Beatrice ‘’he sings’’ (referring to Rodolfo), Eddie is suggesting that it’s not normal for a man to sing, he is attempting to suggest Rodolfo is gay. Eddie is in a way trying to put him down because he is jealous of Rodolfo’s relationship with Catherine. Another example of his sudden metamorphosis is that he has become more obsessed with Catherine. For instance, when Catherine and Rodolfo return from the Brooklyn Paramount, Eddie says to Catherine ‘’I don’t see you no more’’. This quote suggests that Eddie is obsessed with Catherine because he claims that he doesn’t see Catherine. Beatrice’s relationship with Eddie also deteriorates. This is shown to the audience when Beatrice says ‘’Everything ain’t great with me. When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie?’’. This quote shows that the physical side of their marriage is falling apart because Beatrice is feeling ignored (due to Eddie’s obsession with Catherine). Initially, Eddie considers Marco to be a real man. This is shown when he says ‘’Marco goes around like a man; nobody kids Marco.’’. However, as the play gradually progresses; so does Eddie’s relationship with Marco. For example, in the scene with Marco and the chair, in the stage directions it says ‘’Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension gripping his eyes and jawthe chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s headEddie’s grin vanishes as he absorbs his look’’. The word ‘’vanishes’’ suggests that the situation is threatening, as the tension is so large that Eddie’s grin vanishes. This event symbolises that the relationship between Marco and Eddie has broken, more importantly it symbolises the start of Eddie’s downfall. By the end of the play, Eddie has changed drastically; he has become a completely different man. He has become a snitch even though he despised snitching at the start of the play. His close relationship with Catherine has ended as Catherine does not look up to Eddie as a father-like figure anymore; in fact she loathes Eddie, this is proven when Catherine says ‘’He’s a rat! He belongs in the sewer!’’. Also, Eddie’s relationship with Marco has deteriorated to such an extent that Marco accuses him of murder and spits in Eddie’s face. We know this because Marco says ‘’He killed my children’’! When Marco spits in Eddie’s face the community become aware of Eddie snitching and they are disgusted. His friend Louis ignores Eddie, this is shown in the stage directions which says ‘’Louis barely turns’’. Therefore Eddie’s main concern now is to get his reputation back, this is proven when Eddie says ‘’I want my name’’. He wants his reputation back because he has been humiliated when Marco spat in his face. In the end, Eddie refuses to listen to Rodolfo’s pleas and demands an apology from Marco. When Marco refuses Eddie takes out a knife but he gets injured himself and dies in the arms of Beatrice. From a highly-respected member of the community, Eddie manages to relegate himself to a disgraced member. Even his most loyal friends ignore him; all because of one error. Eddie is a hero in a Greek Tragedy, he made an error of judgement and he has to suffer immensely for it. Ultimately, he loses the love and respect of his niece Catherine; which is what he was fighting for.

Secular Views on the Concept of Kindness Essay Example for Free

Secular Views on the Concept of Kindness Essay In our modern world, it is unfortunate that kindness seems to be one of the most neglected character traits people choose to cultivate in their everyday lives. Kindness is listed by Paul as one of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit the nine visual traits that distinguish authentic Christian living in Chapter 5 of Pauls letter to the Galatians. Confucius instructed his followers to recompense kindness with kindness. One of the Ten Perfections in Buddhism is Metta, or loving-kindness. According to the Talmud, deeds of kindness are equal in weight to all the commandments. On a secular note, Nietzsche proposed that kindness and love are the most curative herbs and agents in human intercourse. Aristotle pointed out that kindness is helpfulness towards some one in need, not in return for anything, nor for the advantage of the helper himself, but for that of the person helped. Some even consider the majority of Shakespeares opus to be a study of human kindness. In my own humble opinion, kindness is an essential attribute for any person to possess. Kindness is refreshing to both receive and dish out to others worthy of it. Others tell me frequently that I am a very kind person. My mother and father both are very kind people. I dont consider kindness as something out of the ordinary, as many others seem to do. In an ideal world everyone would be brought up to show kindness to others; however we are not in an ideal world. I, on the other hand, I was raised to show respect, kindness and compassion to others. I believe that small, every day acts of kindness nourish the soul and body. For example, when I was younger I used to go visit an elderly, widowed woman named Rose in my neighborhood. She was very limited in the things she could do for herself because she had developed arthritis and had frequent back trouble. She could still do for herself, but she couldnt get around as well as she could in her youth. I did light housework, ran errands, and offered her conversation. I didnt expect anything material in return. I just welcomed the satisfaction of knowing I played a part in making this womans life easier and more satisfying. I enjoyed seeing her being able to sit on the porch and enjoy the sunshine. It warmed my heart to bring a smile to her face and to know that I made a positive difference in her day to day life. I did this without compensation for about a year. Miss Rose was such a sweet woman. It hurt me dearly when she suddenly moved away. To sum it up, I believe that it is acts of kindness such as these that would make life more fulfilling for the giver as well as the recipient. If everyone made made the decision to do one act of kindness for another everyday it would make the world an infinitely sweeter and more bearable place for all to live in. I believe that is kindness was emphasized and cultivated more by those in our society, then a host of problems in our society such as poverty, hunger and violence would be greatly reduced or eradicated.

Construct Theory of Personality | Analysis

Construct Theory of Personality | Analysis Describe Kellys personal construct theory of personality, and compare this approach with other psychological theories of personality. Over the years psychologists have developed different theories to define observable differences in individual’s personalities (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). The history of personality psychology datedates vack for man centuries and has been traced as far as four centries before Christ (Cervone, 2013). Earlier records of personality theories all tended to have a philosophical basis. Suc as Aristotle who believed that personality could be broken down into four facors, iconic which ddepicted an individuals social place within society (Ryckman, 2012).). During the mid 18th century personality theories began to move towards meurological assumptions to explain behaviour and personality which adopted an anatomy perspective, for example Gall argued that by measuring the skull explanations could be drawn regarding an individuals personality type (ref). During the 1920’s Freud famousy conceptualised personality traits in relation with conscious and unconcsioucs thoughts which depicte d behaviour (ref). The psychodynamic approach move towars humanist approaches to personality in the 1940’s and 1950s with Maslows development of th eh hierarchy of needs approach theoryRogers in the latte 1950s who argued that we strive to acieve our best according to our persoaity taking influence fro the likes of Maslow (Ryckman, 2012). Finally, cognitive psychology is the most modern approach to understanding personality. Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mental processes and adopts a more biological approach which has been integrated significantly into modern understanding of personality psychology (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Personality theories attempt to understand behavioural variation in individuals using a range of psychological characteristic definitions such as introvert and extrovert personality types (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). A significant amount of earlier research focused upon personality traits as being heritable particularly in the behaviourist and ps ychodynamic theories (Eaves, Eysench, Martin, Eaves, 2014) and before the 1950’s it was generally accepted that personality traits were inherited which followed with an influx of twin based studies (Allport, 1937). In 1955, George Kelly developed the personal construct theory. Personal construct theory was designed as an alternative approach to understanding individual personality which viewed personality as an individual experience (Maktby, Day Macaskill, 2007). During the 1950’s Kelly revolutionalised the ways in which personality and human understanding were approached by moving away from the behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches. Instead the personal consttuct theory was deeply scientific adopting a phenomenological approach which moved away from the more favoured observational approaches to personality research methodology (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Using this phenomenological approach personal construct theory allows for variation to be made in personality so as not to refine it into categories but whilst also accepting that personality can change either thrugh individual of social influences (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Additionally, the sceitnific approach to personal construc t theory means that it take a qualitative research perspective which give s the teory greater research power than other methods such as the psychodynamic and behaviourist which are heavily biased towards quantitative methodologies.(Ryckman, 2012). The personality construct theory changed personality theory in the 1950’s by presenting the view that people should be treated as scientists. Kelly argued that individuals undertake an ongoing experiment from which their understanding of the world continually develops ( Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Kelly believed that during this experimental process the individual would internalise ideas of reality which would lead to a greater understanding of the world (Kelly, 1963). Interpretations, observations, experiences formed the basis of the personality construct theory (Kelly, 1963). The personal construct psychology stance challences the notion that experience should simply be separated into categories of thining and feeling and how these impact upon individual personality and behaviour (Raskin, 2013). Kelly successfully argued towards a scientific, quantifiable approach to understanding personality traits however, the approach has received extensive criticism for failing to incorpor ate an account for emotion. Chiari (2013) has stated that previously Kelly’s approach to the personal construct theory has failed to include the role of emotion whch is considered by many modern psychologists to be fundamental to the development of personality. Chiari (2013) has stated that instead Kelly overlooks what would experiences which would normally come under the realms of emotion and suggested instead constructivist epistemology approach. However, it has been argued that the use of tese transitions o not aquately account for the role of emotion in human life (Chiari, 2013). For example, the cognitive approach to understanding personality has viewed personality relate to resulted in a deficit in the schemata which wauses issues relate to judgement and cognitive error (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Fundamental to Kelly’s approach and what seperates the pesnal construct theory from other approaches is the argument that expectation and prediction drive the human mind ((Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly believed that from this events can be predicted and anticipated in a process of continual personal development which was not centred upon predisposed genetics or biological factors (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly (1963) believed passionately that personality development aimed for the individual to achieve utmost knowledge of the world around them from which they could develop a sense of self and belonging (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Similarly to Kelly (1963) Rogers (1947) believed that perception of self was the driving factor behind behaviour and understanding of the world and based successful non-directive theory upon this principle Similarly to Kelly, Rogers believed that personality development was a lifelong, ongoing process of development (Rogers, 1963) . However, Rogers’s theory of self-actualisation has been heavily criticised for providing very limited understanding and application within human personality in the twentieth century and in modern western society (Geller, 1982). Viktor Frnkl was another highly inflencital humanist psychologist Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.Frankl delwas highly influential in the development of existential therapy as well as being a source of significant in the development of humanist psychology. Frankl was a holocaust survivor and a great deal of his work fucesd upon seeing positive in the darkest of scenarios, his work on suicisde prevention strategies received significant attention.Frankl belived that people were innately driven by a desire to find meaning in life which allowed people to survive and overcome incredibly dark and traumatic experiences.Franks experience in the concentration camps shaped his therapeutic approach and philospophical approach to psychology. Franl’s work demonstrated the impact of socio-polictical influences on personal development by demonstrating the innate human drive to find positives in desperate circumstances and suffericng. George Kelly believed that humans had an innate need to gain knowledge and experiences from their environment throughout all stages of life (Butt, 2008). Dependent upon these life experiences the personal construct theory presented a flexible and highly person centred approach to personality (Kelly, 1963). Kelly believed that by constructing a situation based upon previous experience and what we have learnt from similar in the past allows individuals to be active problem solvers who can formulate accurate hypotheses for the future (Butt, 2008). One of the key strengths of the personal construct system is that the theory has allowed for reliable behavioural predictions to be made on an individual basis and throughout adult life which do not rely upon preconstructed personality traits or genetic factors (Butt, 2008). For example, personality trait theory focuses upon quantifiable personality traits which are used to predict individual thought processes and behaviour (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Trait theorists have argued that individual personalities individuals can be understood in terms of returning patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviour which can be scientifically examined using quantitative methodologies (John, Robins Pervin, 2008). However, there are a number of issues and implications relating to stereotype colliery when all individuals are categorised dependent upon their personality traits. To demonstrate this Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective test of the golden section hypothesis in a perosnltiy trait stereotypy setting. The golden raio is normally used in mathematics and refers to two quantifiable objects being in the golden ration if their ratio is equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two objects qunantitities.Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective test o the golden section hypothesis during which twenty-fourtdents were required to complete a grid which categorise their personalities into ten comic book characters using twelve bipolar constructs as the basis for their selections such as â€Å"generous-mean†. The oerall results identified that the proportion of characters which were assigned to positive poles of constructs was 0.615 which was identified to be significantly in line with the golden section (approximately 0.618).That is, out of 2, 880 judgements, 1772 were identified to be positive in nature which suppo rt the mathematical model fo the golen section hypothesis. This These results suggest that the proportion of positive personality jusdemetns can be computed to be approximately 0.615 which is very close to the experimenters hypothesised estimate of 0.618. The experimenters have also reported that simpliar results were identified using similar sets of ersonality constructs. The study has also ifentified the negative aspects of negative judementss and stereotypes which can be construed base upo appearance nd impressiin the society.ons which cause individuals to assign a negative construct with further implications However, despite the limitations the trait theory approach to personality testing remains to be a popular choice by researchers due to the ability to provide an accurate description of an individuals personality which can be accurately assessed scientifically. Similarly to the person construct theory personality traits are universal and relevant regardless of age, race or gender however they are more concrete and less flexible which has formulated the theories main criticism (Ryckman, 2012). Furthermore, as th study by Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) demonstrated to an extent the trait theory approach does not adequately account for issues such as abnormal personality disorders and can encourage negative personality stereotypy (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Throughout the history of personality theory, the hereditary and biological explanation has had a tendency to be overused in research. A substantive proportion of this work has relied heavily upont win and adoption studies. However, the reliance on such studies has caused a large amount of criticism in recent years where a more integrated approach to research has been favoured. Twin studies have a number of experimental biases including reliabilitu and replicability, the results tend not to be generalisable to the general population due to the unique nature of the twin relationship and nurturing environment (Eaves, Eysneck, Martin Eaves, 2014). Loehlin, McCrae, Costa and John (1998) investigated the heritability fctor of the Big Five personality imensions using data taken from the National Merit Trwin study The researchers used behaviour-genetic models to identify similiarites bbtetween the three separate measures the results of the model identifie that the Big Five personality dime sntions were significantly heritable and substantially so which was ine wih other similar studies. No significant variation was identified between gender, for measures agreeableness and conscientiousnsess shared environment was found to be measure specific and for estraversiona nd neuroticisim models which ncorporated a genetic element provided better fits.The results from†¦ are consistent across the majority of twin and genetic base studies for all five of the Big Five Personality Facts. For example, Jang, Liversley Vemon (1996) identified the following braod genetic influence on the five demensions of Neuroticism, extraversion, Openness, Agreeableneess, and Conscentiousness at 41%, 53%, 61%, 41% and 44% rerospectovely. Overall, it has been concluded that there is a strong genetic component to the individual differences basis to theories of personality which overwhelms theories of learnt traits (Ryckman, 2013). Overall, when Kelly’s theory of personality is compared to the humanist, behaviourist and psychodynamic theories, the approach provides an accurate scientific model for understanding personality and one which can be applied without limitation in childhood and adulthood. Personal construct theory has a significant streghth in its detailed and holistic view which has significantly increased understanding in individual differences in regardto personality rather than theoryies such as the trait theory (Eynsneck) which has viewed personality as being biologically determined and et in rigid categories which leaves little room for individual adaption and variation (ref).( Langdridge Taylor, 2007). However, there are issues of generalisability with the personal construct theory which are less of an issue compared with other approachs such as thetrai thery, References Allport, G. W. (1937).Personality. Holt, New York. Butt, T. (2008). George Kelly: The psychology of personal constructs (Mind shapers). Palgrave Macmillan: USA. Bleidorn, W., Klander, C., Caspi, A. (2014). The behavioural genetics ofpersonality development in adulthood- classic, contemporary and future trends. European journal of personality, 28, 244-245. Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). Personality and individual differences 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons, UK. Cervone, D. (2013). Personality psychology. John Wiley and Sons, UK. Chiari, G. (2013). Emotion in personal construct theory: A controversial question.Journal of constructvist psychology, 26, 249-261. Eysenck, M., Keane, M, T. (2010). Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook, 6th edition.Psychology press, USA. Eaves, L, J., Eysench, H, J., Martin, N, G, L, ., Eaves, J. (2014). Genes,culture, and personality: An empirical approach. Academic press limited, London. Frankl, V, E. (2008). Man’s search fofr meaning.Rider and Co, USA> Geller, L. (1982). The failure of self-actualization theory. A critique of Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow. Journal of humanistic psychology, 22, 56-73. Jang, K, L., Livesly, W, J., Vemon, P, A. (1996). Heritability of the Big FivePersonality dimensions and their facests: A twin study. Journal of personality, 64, 577-592. John, O, P., Robins, R, W., Pervin, L, A. (2008). Handbook of personality, third edition : Theory and research. The Guildford press, New York. Kelly, G. (1963). Theory of personality: Psychology of personal constructs. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. Lee, C., Adams-Webber, J. (1987). A ‘projective’ test of the golden sectionhypothesis. Social behaviour and personality, 15, 169-175. Loehlin, J, C, McCroe, R, R., Costa, P, T., John, O, P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific component off the big five personality factors. Journal of research in personality, 32, 431-453. Langdridge, D., Taylor, S. (2007). Critical readings in social psychology. The open university press, UK. Maktby, J., Day, L., Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence 3rd edition. Pearson education limited, UK. Rogers, C, R. (1947). Some observations on the organization of personality.American psychologist, 2, 358-368. Rogers, C, R. (1963). The concept of the fully functioning person. Psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice, 1, 170-126. Ryckman, R. (2012). Theories of personality. Wadsworth publishing Co Inc, USA. Raskin, J,, D. (2013). Thinking,, feeling, and being human. Journal of constructivist psychology, 26, 181-186.

Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding Essay -- Breastfeeding vs. Formula

Very few experts disagree with the fact that breastfeeding is the optimal choice for the infant. However, decreasing breastfeeding rates raise many questions as to why mothers are not choosing the best nutritional choice for their children. Despite breast milk being the obvious choice for infant feeding due to the health, psychological, and economic benefits, many mothers still decide to feed their infants formula due to lack of knowledge and support, difficulties with breastfeeding, and social embarrassment. Changes need to be made with formula companies, medical professionals, and the public opinion of breastfeeding in order to give nursing mothers the support they deserve. The main factor in encouraging breastfeeding is the emphasis on the major health benefits for both the mother and the child. Many researchers have concluded that breast milk helps improve overall infant health and reduces risks of some diseases and cancers for the infant as well as the mother. According to Newman and Pitman, there are numerous health benefits for a breastfed infant. They describe that breast milk contains anti-bodies that keep a child from getting ill, and that the milk’s composition changes as the child grows to better protect and benefit the immune system and growth of the child (Newman, Pitman 19). The most immediate health benefit for the infant is the reduction of the chances of an infant dying from sudden infant death syndrome, more commonly known as SIDS or crib death (Newman, Pitman 11). More long term benefits are reductions for the chances of a child developing diabetes, asthma and other respiratory diseases, ear infections, and even cancer development during childhood. There is also evidence of a reduced chance of a breastfed ch ild developing Crohn’s disease or forms of heart disease, as well as minor health problems such as allergies and eczema (Newman, Pitman 11-12). Newman and Pitman also write that children who were breastfed show signs of more enhanced brain development and tend to score higher on tests than those children who were formula fed, due to the fact that breast milk is made for humans by humans and therefore already contains the nutrients that are essential to brain development (10). As is the case with infants, breastfeeding also contributes to health benefits for the mother. In an article published in the Journal of Women’s Health, God... ... Dorota Iwaniec, et al. "Breast Is Best? Reasons Why Mothers Decide To Breastfeed Or Bottlefeed Their Babies And Factors Influencing The Duration Of Breastfeeding." Child Care In Practice 12.3 (2006): 283-297. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. Foss, Katherine A., and Brian G. Southwell. "Infant Feeding And The Media: The Relationship Between Parents' Magazine Content And Breastfeeding, 1972-2000." International Breastfeeding Journal 1.(2006): 1-9. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. Godfrey, Jodi R., and Ruth A. Lawrence. "Toward Optimal Health: The Maternal Benefits Of Breastfeeding." Journal Of Women's Health (15409996) 19.9 (2010): 15971602. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Newman, Jack and Teresa Pitman. The Ultimate Breastfeeding Book of Answers. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. Print. United States. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding. Washington: GPO, 2011. Print. Weimer, John P. United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. The Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Review and Analysis. Washington: 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

If you dont know where you are, you are no where :: Response Essays

Topic: A former president of the National Geographic Society once said, "If you don't know where you are, you are no where." Do you agree or disagree? I agree because I find that this quote is true. People who live day by day doing nothing, whether if it's hanging outside with friends in the street during school hours or late hours of the night, or attending school just for attendance, but sitting in class wasting time, going to work and not even doing a good job or the full work it requires are examples of people who are in comfort zones, a place where you are stuck in denial. I'll explain it for better understanding of what I mean. What if you're someone who doesn't feel much peer pressure and, in fact, doesn't feel much pressure to do anything at all? It can be just as bad, however, to go far in the other direction and become a total slug. You see, we also live in denial when we fail to admit to ourselves that we are not living up to our potential and are not creating something significant for our lives, so it is a bit similar when saying that if you don't know know where you are, you are no where because if you can't see what you are doing, you won't succeed. What I mean is that you stop reaching for a higher level of achievement and accomplishment and pretend that your life is okay. You get up, brush your happy hair, throw on some clothes, drag yourself out of your house, and go through the motions of your day. You think you're comfortable, but you're not as happy as you could be. You're in what I call a "comfort zone" and you pretend that it's okay, so you accomlish nothing to take you to higher goals, to make you go somewhere in life, and you end up going no where, and when you look back at everything you've been doing for so long, you don't feel so good about it as the way you thought you would because you have nothing to show for it, especially if you really don't know where you are going in life because life only rewards action and those who know what they want and have goals to achieve are going to get somewhere. Another point I would like to make about this

American Society of the 1950’s Essay

He is attacking the American society for not doing it earlier, as Hale is only shown to realise what is happening when it is too late. Miller’s slow build up of tension throughout the scene emphasises the emotional trauma suffered by the victims of both Salem and McCarthy. Abigail’s dramatic entry, right at the climax of the scene, has a negative effect on the audience, as they already have an idea of how evil she is, and the extent to which she will go to get what she wants. She manipulates the mind of Danforth, who she is able to overpower, making him very uneasy at times, and shows him to be â€Å"weakening†, he asks questions â€Å"apprehensively†, and at times is â€Å"dumbfounded†. This is because Abigail is the only way he can prove that he is in the right, and that years of studies have not gone to waste. By making Danforth’s character so weak, Miller is condemning the fact that McCarthy is a weak man who has a closed mind over the things he says and does. The language throughout the whole scene is very extreme, ‘Whore’, for an extreme, negative effect on the audience. Mary is shown to be ‘pleading’ with Abigail and this shows the extent o fear in the people of Salem and in America in the 1950s. Mary Warren is unable to faint when asked to, and this immediately creates tension in the audience, as they, most probably, would want her to faint in order to save Proctor and Elizabeth. Her inability to faint only strengthens Abigail’s case, and this would only strengthen what Danforth stands for. She then changes her confession to saying that she did deal with the devil, â€Å"My name, he want my name†, and goes against Proctor. Miller is showing us here how people would lie to save their own lives, and kill those who have been most helpful to them, and this criticises the American society, where people would lie in order to save their own lives. This scene would anger the audience, and make them feel hatred towards Mary, Abigail and especially Danforth, who will now definitely sign the death warrant for Elizabeth. Again, by making the hero of the play suffer Miller is expressing his hatred towards McCarthy and the people who followed him. When Abigail feels threatened, she and the other girls pretend to be attacked by the devil, in the shape of a yellow bird. Abigail tells the bird that ‘envy is a deadly sin†, and then accuses Mary of being the bird. This is ironic as Abigail is most envious of Elizabeth, and this is the only reason why the court cases have come this far. The faked attacks grow anger in the audience, as everyone knows that they are pretending, and yet the people still believe them. Miller is portraying the American society of the 1950’s as ignorant and stupid, who will believe anything the court and McCarthy believe. John Proctor is shown to be a very Christ-like figure throughout the play. In the movie version, Proctor is shown to be in water when he chases Mary Warren after she has run out of court. When everyone is against him, he stands alone in the water, almost as if he is being baptised. By showing us this, Miller is hinting at the fact that only the people who told the truth were the real ‘gods’; as Jesus Christ is believed to be in Christianity, and the others were just liars, who sacrificed their friends, or in Salem’s case, their enemies, in order to save themselves. Proctor’s confession to committing lechery, in an attempt to save his wife, is a much tensed scene. The dramatic irony of Elizabeth not knowing he has confessed, and the ‘natural lie’ she tells in order to save her husband’s name, all create suspense in the audience, as they know that the Proctor’s are innocent, and yet because of the injustice of the court, one of them, if not both, will die. Miller is again criticising McCarthy and his laws, as the innocent are dying and the guilty live. Proctor’s damning lines at the end of the play suggest that there were some good people in Salem and in America during the 1950’s-people who would give their lives for their loved ones. In the movie, Proctor is shown to be reciting the God’s Prayer just before being hanged, and it was believed that witches were not able to recite the God’s Prayer. By showing him do this, Miller is showing everyone how blatant it was that the innocent were dying, and he criticises the citizens of Salem for not realising this, in other words, he is criticising the American society. This has a negative effect on the audience, as they appreciate the injustice of McCarthy, and how the people were not doing anything to save anyone. The Crucible on a whole is a single issue play. The main plot evolves around the main characters of the play, and the other characters seem to be props to fill in the missing spaces. It is for this reason that the play lacks subtlety in both the plot and the characters, and why John Proctor is made to be the main character of the play, the only believable character that we can identify with. Having considered the dramatic nature of this scene, I believe that it criticises McCarthyism and is an attack on the American society of the 1950’s. Miller does this by repeatedly showing the Salem citizens as ignorant and unintelligent. He attacks Danforth time and time again, showing him to be weak, and yet he is able to have power over the people, only because of the fact that he has higher authority then they have. The innocent characters are the ones who are killed, and the guilty characters are the ones who get away with their crimes. This highlights the very point that during 1950’s America, there was no justice whatsoever, and the only people who ruled were those who were able to put fear into the hearts of others. Naaila Haq English Coursework 10g1 – 1 – Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Stop Small Hands from Working in Factories

Like other problems India facing today, biz. Poverty. Illiteracy, malnutrition etc, child labor is also a big threat to the nation and it Is practices in many parts of the country. Though gobos, both central as well as states, have been pushing for the various polices/programmer to cease ‘child-labor', the success story so far Is not so good if we see UN reports. At present, to deal with ‘child labor' problem,we have Child Labor prevention Act, some policies like Right To Education etc, but due to poor infrastructure and absence of proper blue print the policies remain on paper.Education is still distinct dream for many children. Gobo schools are poorly funded, they do not have required number of teachers and so do not student, they do not have science laboratories, rand-day meal Is not provided in many schools. Some schools do not even have toilet facilities which Is the reason of low number of female students. And the ‘child labor' is practices mostly in those par ts of the country, from where schools possess above properties. But to my mind lack of availability of education is not the only reason of ‘child labor' other than poverty.Apart from poverty and illiteracy, idealism, migration, malnutrition too play a very Important role to Increase the number of child labors. Most of the child labors from our country are Dallas, marginal's and alienated. Along with being dalai they are poor as well as illiterate. Also many child labors are baggers' who do not have their own shelter (unfortunately, in India,there are no laws which will cover baggers). So the number of child laborers are more in those parts of the country where idealism is practices strongly and they have more number of industries.For example, states like Arioso, Shorthand are resource, minerals rich so there Is greater number of industries, and also idealism Is practices more in these states, hence result of which Is more number of child labors. Another ex Is of Tamil Nadia, w here idealism is practices and hence we can find more child labors working in bad safety conditions of fire works industries. Just like idealism, migration is again another reason p, which couples with poverty, force children to work as labor to fulfill their basic livelihoods. So In a country like India, which Is such a diverse country, problems also show verse nature.Hence approach to every single problem to solve should be Inclusive. So to stop child labor, only RET or Child labor prevention Act are not sufficient but gobos should also look at the implementation of the other important schemes like MANAGER, various pension schemes(including students scholarship) etcÃ'› they have to work to stop migration, they have to stop malnutrition, hunger by creating necessary Infrastructure to deal with, increasing efficacy In systems and creating awareness among people. Stop Small Hands from Working in Factories By Similarities Like other problems India facing today, biz. Every, illiterac y, malnutrition etc, child labor is also a big threat to the nation and it is practices in many parts of the various policies/programmer to cease ‘child-labor', the success story so far is not so have science laboratories, mid-day meal is not provided in many schools. Some schools do not even have toilet facilities which is the reason of low number of female too play a very important role to increase the number of child labors. Most of the child labors from our country are dalais, marginal's and alienated. Along with being dalai they are poor as well as illiterate.Also many child labors are ‘baggers' who do not have their own shelter (unfortunately, in India,there are no laws which there is greater number of industries, and also idealism is practices more in these states, hence result of which is more number of child labors. Another ex is of Tamil So in a country like India, which is such a diverse country, problems also show diverse nature. Hence approach to every singl e problem to solve should be inclusive. MANAGER, various pension schemes(including students scholarship) etc. , they have necessary infrastructure to deal with, increasing efficacy in systems and creating

Differences Between My Best Friend and I

It’ is hard to believe that my best friend Kelly and I have a lots of differences. Even though, we love each other we are completely different In our personalities, work experience and how we take care of our family. We both have great personalities. Kelly and I have been friends since I was 5 years old. We went to the same school and stayed in the same class until we went to high school. For example, Kelly is very friendly and she has a great humor. She is very outgoing and love to talk with different people , even people she just Met .On the other hand, I am very shy and serious kind of person. I do not like to talk with other people. For these reason is hard for me to make new Friend . To illustrate that ,when we are invited to our neighbor birthday party , so we went to celebrate with his family and friends. The party was full of strangers and Kelly began to talk with those strangers. All I did was seat in the table alone and wait for someone to talk to me. Kelly came and start to introduce me to her new friends . I feel so proud of her , because if wasn’t for her , I never have the courage to introduce myself to them.Another example, is that Kelly and I have different kinds of works . She works as secretary and I work as house cleaner . She had this great job in Boston as secretary . It is near her house, she has a great salary and a month of vacation paid every year . Her job is so easy and she just have to answer the phone ,book appointments and be in the office the whole day. However, I work as house cleaner , it is very hard work by cleaning other people dirty houses. One of the problems is that I spend a lot of money on gas, cleaning products and vacuum repairs.My salary is not stable it depends in how many houses I clean every week. Paid vacation forget about it . Finally is our Family, that is the best and important gift that anyone can have . Kelly and I have a wonderful family, we both have kids and we have been married for 5 years. Kelly has two boys and one little girl, their names are Robert 10 years old, Nicholas 8 years old and Amanda 4 years old . I have three kids too ,instead, I have two girls keren 9 years old, Sarah 4 years old and a boy he is 12 years old. We both love Our family very much and we appreciate staying together with our family .Even though, Kelly prefer to stay home and be creative with her kids by doing crafts activities . I prefer to go outside and play with them . Last winter we went to Cocokeys Park and our kids got to play together and they had a terrific time . When the park was closing we decided to sleep at the hotel inside the park, again that was the best part for Kelly stay inside. Besides our differences , we both have a wonderful family and we always share with each other ways to raise and educate our kids. After all our differences we still best friends

Zombie Essay for Anthropology

The first article is a medical study of the Haitian Zombie which is the culture that originated the concept of the walking dead. Basically the African slaves worshiped numerous Gods and the Spanish Catholic Priests attempted to impose the European Christianity on the slaves in the Caribbean. Voodoo was hidden in the Catholic religion for centuries. Voodoo believes in being in tune with your environment. If you are Ill there are two possibilities. One Is you are out of whack with nature and a Voodoo priest or priestess can get you back In harmony. Two Is someone Is attacking you magically.Then you hire a Voodoo priest or priestess to stop the attacks. In Halt here are over 1,000 listed Zombie possessions a year. For a poor society with few medical doctors the Voodoo priest also acts as doctor to the sick. So where do Zombies enter into this equation. Some Voodoo practitioners are aligned with the dark side. They produce a neurotic that kills you; then after a week or so a person comes back to life of a sort. The reanimated person has very limited mental functions and basically becomes a servant to someone being capable of menial tasks.In Haiti there are approximately 1000 charges of relatives becoming zombies registered with the police. In 1997 there was a medical study in the Lancet journal concerning three people that were Identified as zombies after they had passed away. Their relatives insisted these two women and a man were family members who had died years before. The two doctors did full medical examinations Including Eggs and CT brain scans. Two of the three were Identified as cases of mistaken identity by finger prints and DNA testing. The three individuals were found to not be zombies but people with medical problems.One was catatonic schizophrenia, one was found to have serious brain damage due to epilepsy and the hire was probably related to fetal alcohol poisoning. (Foot note to a medical study of the Haitian zombie). The first pictures of a Zombie were taken by Zorn Neal Hurst in her 1938 book Voodoo Gods. The neurotic was identified by Anthropologist Wade Davis as a neurotic found in puffer fish. Other powders that were identified had several different substances In them Including puffer fish toxin and toxins from various tree frogs.Over time the compliant Zombie concept has evolved Into one where the ravenous zombie who has a taste for brains, welcome to Hollywood or Holly weird. Zombies eave Joined the fascination with various other undead characters like mummies, skeletons, ghouls, and vampires (footnote to the American Fascination article). Breaks. Some like the Resident Evil series are science experiments gone wrong, and with each new movie the Zombies have new attributes to make them scarier. They are bigger or stronger or smarter.Then World War Z has the dreaded fast zombie which means there is no escape. We all have seen the tee shirt . The movie Firefly puts Zombies in Outer Space in the future. The basis for all th ese were governments doing hidden experimentations that got away from the guards. Who isn't scared of a government who wants to control their constituents? Also another new factor is the Zombie who can organize and their primary purpose is to remove humans from existence, such as in the Will Smith movie I Am Legend.So society breaks down and the army is not there to save you, it is very much a run and hide universe; where you have to save yourself. The television show The Walking Dead shows how Americans love to be scared while at the same time want a chance to escape or fight the opponents. But Combinable shows that the Zombie apocalypse movie can also have a sense of humor. But the primary reason for Zombie movies is worldwide people like to be scared, and generally by something they know realistically really cannot exist.So you can be scared but have no real problem with sleepless nights. So what are the two scariest things about zombie evolution? The fast Zombies climbing over t he Jerusalem walls in World War Z, and animals becoming Zombies like those Doberman Pincher's in I Am Legend. Speed kills and then animals can also become Zombies. So from my anthropological perspective I see the Undead are evolving, at least in Hollywood. I wonder what Darwin would think of Zombies. I chose this Blob because I enjoy Zombie movies though I am not really interested in being part of the Zombie apocalypse.You run out of food, gas, ammunition, and toilet paper none of which seems like a lot of fun to me. Also it is interesting to me that studying Zombies is a subject that anthropologists have been interested in for close to 100 years. At some colleges you can take a class (foot note to that sheet on Anthropology 3313 about Zombies). But something to remember is how much a small, very poor country like Haiti is responsible with having a lot of influence on the US movie industry. Which has spread over the globe.

African influence on Western Culture Essay Example for Free

African influence on Western Culture Essay ? Africa, a continent with a not so peaceful history, has always been mysterious and amazing, all at the same time. â€Å"Afri† was a Latin name used to refer to the Carthaginians who lived in Northern Africa from the 9th century B.C to the 7th century A.D when the last Punic culture was destroyed in the Arab conquest. Before I start recounting my general point of view on the topic above, I would like to share a brief opinion about multiculturalism. Some people refer to multiculturalism as a word that describes society where many different cultures live together in peace. But is it always like that? What about inherent racism and fear? Over the last few years, lots of people have been exploiting it in order to abuse other cultures and discriminate people who are different from them. In a normal world, they would be reprimanded and heavily fined. In most countries, that’s not the case and even the authorities do not care about them. On the other hand, all cultures deserve respect, including the African ones. Cultures have been developed over centuries to allow people to live together, reasonably and peacefully. Multiculturalism can mean a country accepting some practices it tends to object to, but it can also mean that a culture becomes exposed to other ways of living, which could have quite a bad impact on the other dwellers. In conclusion, we must learn that accepting people as they are is of great importance. It is important to respect each other, and one should know that living by moral standards is one irreplaceable thing. African influence on Western Culture. (2016, Nov 27).

Media Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Media Literacy - Essay Example The imagery of the video is rather provocative, though it isn’t deprived of aesthetic value and adherence to design principles. The very first visual feature to be mentioned is a peculiar color scheme including no too bright or light hues, with the overall atmosphere of the video being a little bit sombre. The depicted venue is the bar – or even a brothel – hosting rather strange and extravagant characters: a cardinal in a red robe, a priest, prostitutes, musicians playing live, several oddly dressed women, a supposed sinner lashing himself with a whip and a beggar outside the bar. Dominating black, burgundy, white and various yellowish shades endow the color appearance with certain aristocraticism, which is then purposefully supported by other elements of video design such as style of interior, lighting and costumes. Moreover, the imagery contains balanced repetition of dominating colors and shades, which makes the video look like a whole and seamless piece and creates unity. Also, a design principle used in the video design is opposition, as opposite visual concepts are drawn together here (Bartel, 2012). A mysterious white-veiled woman, which seems to symbolize purity, is opposed to a weary prostitute dressed in black; moreover, the opposition of clergymen and prostitutes, i.e. sinners, arrests one’s attention. In addition, a very significant image used in the video is the imitation of a Renaissance painting, which is virtually â€Å"imbedded† in the ending of the video, yet, with a pinch of mocking. The visual imagery used in ‘The Next Day’ obviously serves to communicate a rather profound yet daring message – along with the lyrics of the song, it serves to express Bowie’s radical criticism of Catholic church and its corruption. Clear and hidden religious symbols as well as actions of the featuring actors depict the most unpleasant sides of clergy and church

Ethos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethos - Essay Example ect has received awards such as the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and has been nominated for a 2009 Daytime Emmy Award, the reputation of the project is good and makes a reader know the project in advance even before attending the events (The Latino Comedy Project Web). The previous awards qualify the website to be credible. The project’s reputation may induce a reader to believe the website even without proof because of the good sense and the goodwill. The Latino Comedy Project website designer has also proved the credibility of the website and the project by using few words and language that is appropriate for the comedy industry. The like â€Å"one night only† are brief and are widely used in several comedy advertisements and would therefore prove the credibility of the website (The Latino Comedy Project Web). Additionally, inclusion of several other venues and events in the calendar, including contact and an interactive email list is enough to confirm that the website is credible and the Latin Comedy Project is real. The website sounds fair to everyone who loves comedy and it has revealed the expertise of the Latin Comedy

Europe Leading Airline Company Ryanair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Europe Leading Airline Company Ryanair - Essay Example The bargaining power of suppliers is very high as the number of aircraft manufacturer and oil suppliers are very less in the market. Availability of proper airports is also very important for this industry. However, airports bargaining power is quite low as they depend on aircraft companies. The bargaining power of customers is very high as they have many airline service providers to choose from. The barrier entry of airline industry is quite high as it requires heavy investments and technical expertise. The airline is the fastest mode of transportation for overseas and long-distance travel. No other substitute can match the service of the airline industry. Competition among existing rival is the most import factor in this industry. The rivals are competing with each other for increasing their market share. In European Union, Lufthansa, Ryanair, Easy jet etc are leading airline companies. Â  Ryanair provides low cost and high-quality airline services to its customers. It places customer satisfaction above all other priorities. The decision-making process is primarily centered on concerns regarding ways to provide higher customer services. Fleet planning, airline fare, fleet scheduling etc are some of the chief aspects of Ryanair’s effective decision-making process. Â  Decision-making approach can be defined as the strategic approach of an organization. Ryanair’s management team aims to follow ‘rational decision-making approach’. The rational decision-making approach is an ongoing and dynamic process. This approach helps to identify the underlying problems and to find relevant solutions (Kroon, 1995 p.187). For example, in 2004, when the company was passing through a financial crisis, rational decision-making approach not only helped it to overcome it but also paved the path for growth. Â  

Construction planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Construction planning - Essay Example The SHE provisions or specifications outlined for the project seek to reduce or eliminate and mitigate incidents, injuries and environmental harm at the construction site. The project relies on expertise in environmental management, system design and innovation in evaluating and reducing the environmental impacts of all its phases; initiation, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and operationalisation. The envisaged solutions are suggested to increase the project’s market stability and guarantee sustainable benefits. The compliance of each stage of the project life cycle, starting with planning, will adhere to the set SHE standards. The on-site and off-site planning of project deliverables will have to be aligned with specific regulatory standards and requests. The standards cover dangerous substances traceability, recyclability of materials, supply-chain assessment, and obsolescence and substitution management. The planning must also consider environmental concerns and engage in long-term sustainable strategies, based on life cycle thinking (LCT). Through this approach, the planners will adopt a broader view of the project’s successful implementation, opportunities, viability and sustainability. The objectives set at the planning phase and the strategies and resources by which they will be achieved will also consider and address the SHE standards. The project will seek expert assistance in the implementation of the project and use astute management strategies to achieve sustainability, performance and reduce project risks. At the implementation phase, a checklist and design specification will be outlined and communication with all stakeholders managed properly. In addition, sustainable supply processes and implementation activities will be used. Equally important at this phase will be the integration of multisite and transnational

Detailed Summary of the article Relflections on the Economics by Essay

Detailed Summary of the article Relflections on the Economics by William D. Nordhaus - Essay Example He emphasis the importance of "global change" and the "threat of green house warming" which is taking place at a rapid speed all over the world. The approach is ideal because instead of jumping to conclusion, he explores the issue of green house warming and its impact on the world. The "Green house effect" part is given more space than required, which could have been avoided, as writing two paragraphs just to define the Green House effect is too much, especially if the audience are scientists, and are knowledgeable about the topic. Even the second paragraph seems a bit out of space, the better approach would have to combine two paragraphs, into one paragraph and add only the importance part relevant to the topic, such as "concentration of CO2" in the atmosphere. The figure1" projection of global temperature increase" is an excellent way to show the scale of the problem; the readers can easily see scale of the problem. The figure shows two hundred years change (1900 to 2100), which is enough time to see the visible changes in the climate. It clearly shows, how the temperature has increased over the time and how much it will f urther increase. However he counters the argument of dooms day prediction with his own model and mentions that it is not exactly possible to predict the climatic conditions as the scientists have claimed in their model. The reason he mentions is that climatic model depends on economic models, and slower economies and higher fuel prices will decrease the emission of gases in the atmosphere. And another reason against the climatic catastrophe is that "climate flips from one locally stable equilibrium to another" and it is not possible for climatologist at present to exactly predict what will happen, unless they come up with bigger and exhaustive models. The writer moves to "Impacts of the Climate Change" and mentions that two centuries ago man was highly dependent on day and light timing, but technology has changed he slavery to natural timing and now man is no longer dependent for his economic and agricultural needs upon natural environment. He provides solid arguments by mentioning the case of a business firm which wish to start business is not concerned about climate, even if the difference is as great as Moscow and Hong Kong (Moscow has an extreme cold temperature, while Hong Kong is an island and has mild temperature). The contrast is purposely mentioned to give the readers an idea of difference in temperature and making a business decision (Economic activity). The reason for such change is technology, which has enabled man to overcome the climatic difference and work in all kind of environments. He brings another arguments against the impact of climatic change, by mentioning the factors, such as precipitation, draughts, and natural disasters, which often have "socioeconomic impact" yet ignored by scientists. Normally scientists mention only temperature as a main factor to be influenced by climate for the reason that it is an easy way to refer to the climatic change. In reality this approach is flawed and more generic and is ignoring the impact of climate on the less developed countries of the world. Thus the conclusion is that the climatic prediction does not portray a full picture of the problem nor does it provide sufficient information as predicted by the scientists. The author does

The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 Essay

The case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728 - Essay Example This traditional approach can be seen in the case of Serbian Loans3 any contract that is not a contract between states in their capacity as subjects of international law is based on the municipal [domestic] law of some country The rules thereof may be common to several states and may even be established by international conventions or customs, and in the latter case may possess the character of true international law governing relations between states.4 Therefore when it comes to investment contracts between states then it will have elements of adhering to the contractual word of the agreement; as well as the duty of care that the obligations are met as in public international contractual agreements. There has been a suggestion that cases that are on a private international matter allows the domestic court that makes the decision have an extraterritorial effect in imposing the obligation across borders, i.e. applying the higher standard of obligation and care that public internationa l law holds.5 On the other hand, the case of Holmes v Bangladesh Biman6 argued that foreign jurisdictions have no legitimate reason for subjecting their civil law on foreigners in their own country. Therefore these two cases make it difficult for correctly pursuing fraud, negligence or any circumstance that leads to an action when it is a case of foreign investment, i.e. where would you make the action and could you legally serve and enforce the action papers in foreign jurisdiction. However, it seems that the Libyan Bank Case was ahead of its time although it did surround a time of terrorism that was strikingly the same as the 9-11 attacks, such as the Lockerbie case. Therefore business law is under an obligation at state and at international levels to protect security, by imposing a duty for businesses to disclose any actions that would indicate terrorism, organized crime or threaten national and international security. Yet, as the following case study will illustrate that freezing assets is a common approach and duty of the bank that is mainly prevalent in Post 9-11, which the Libyan Bank Case failed to do.7 On 2 September, High Court of Justice in London rules in favor of Libya, orders Bankers Trust London to transfer to Libyan Arab Foreign Bank $131 million, plus accrued interest, that has been blocked by US assets freeze. US Treasury authorizes payment on 9 October. 2) In the era of terrorism and protection of the security of states, this means that financial institutions and international businesses are embarking on a different era of state co-operation. Companies are faced with being diligent in ensuring that they are free from fear of money laundering investigations. On of the strictest guidelines can be seen in the EU, therefore Barclays Bank Plc the fourth largest bank in the world ensures that their regulations are strict as their mother state is the UK. It has been realized that one of best methods to stop organized crime is through stricter policing of finances. The EU has become a lot stricter in this area, especially in respect to opening bank accounts and the ID required

Economic and Environmental Advantage through sustainable Real Estate Thesis

Economic and Environmental Advantage through sustainable Real Estate Development - Thesis Example As human beings were created on earth as the prime form of living specie their actions towards their survival started to effect the earth’s environment. The actions of the human species are collectively known as anthropocentric movements. In its initial days of survival the actions of human beings were environment benign, as they opted to live by initially through hunting, then through grazing and after that through cultivating. Though all these specially cultivation did put pressure on the environment mainly through cutting of trees in order to extract more cultivable lands to support the ever growing population but it was nothing in comparison to what did actually happen after industrial revolution. Industrial revolution initiated an unprecedented level of deforestation towards clearing of areas for industrial setups and to provide more and more wood as fuel to the industries as well as a raw material for industrial, commercial and residential setup. After the initiation of the industrial revolution miles after miles of land were cleared of through cutting of trees and buildings either for industries, office or residence were set up. Unlike the rural buildings that were mostly made up of materials taken from the environment1; these buildings were made out of concrete and other man made materials that are far more durable but had a tendency to heat up the surrounding environment and initiate other environmental maladies. The industrial revolution also started migration from village to towns and cities in search of jobs in industries. Urbanization led to congestion in cities through increased numbers of un-zoned buildings, too high of a person to room ratio and to a biomass that was far from the permissible level on a given piece of land. Commercialization of agriculture; lead to the shifting of technology from conventional environment friendly to energy intensive and chemical prone farming2. Apart from deforestation, and its associated environmental

Eulogy Case Essay Example for Free

Eulogy Case Essay The obituary is a section that most newspapers have and despite being buried in the back of the newspaper, is a section of the paper that most people read, at least in passing. Older people read it to see if they can find anyone that they know. Younger people might read it to see how old somebody was when they died or if they are aware of history, to see what famous person might have died. There are also people who are fascinated by others and wish to read what one has accomplished in their life. It is amazing that an entire life can be summed up in a few paragraphs. What else is amazing is exactly who receives an obituary in the paper at all. The small town papers will memorialize anyone whose information they receive from a family member or other source. That person would pass unnoticed except for the kind remembrance of their family members still living. This is not the case in the larger newspapers. The Chicago Tribune, with a readership estimated at just fewer than three million, has limited space and therefore, can only print the obituaries of people who have distinguished themselves in a way that society deems worthy. For the week of February 18th to February 23rd, the obituaries were studied to see exactly who was receiving the posthumous honor of having their name in one of the largest newspapers in the country. The first eulogy is that of Jack Kipp. (1923-2007) (Kates, 2007) The man had humble beginnings in Chicago. His mental and physical deficiencies left him out of service for WWII but yet he found his way onto the Midwest Stock Exchange in Chicago, second only to the New York Stock Exchange in size and influence. Mr. Kipp was a man who straddled both financial classes. Since he worked for the Chicago Stock Exchange, he would accurately be considered among the upper class. This would continue as he helped form another financial firm in the 1970’s and made a good deal of money at this venture. But when he retired, he remembered the people who were not given a chance to reach the heights that he had attained and spend the last 16 years of his life tutoring individuals into earning their GEDs. His son said that he had a desire to help his fellow man and saw this as his chance to do so. So his social status helps him get into the Tribune? He lived a long life 84 years, all of them in Chicago. This is a helpful contributing factor and the fact that he formed his own investment firm was probably the factor which helped to secure his place in the Tribune. Only in the byline does it talk about his volunteer work. This would lead the reader to believe that if he were just a volunteer and did rise to the financial levels that he had, his obituary would not have been found in the Chicago Tribune but perhaps a local newspaper since the Chicago land area is able to support dozens of smaller though, significant newspapers. Another notable obituary is that of Dr. Joan Swift. (1919-2007) Dr. Swift was hired as the coordinator of the child development program at Wilson Junior College. In only three short years, she was promoted to the Dean of Directors in 1968 which is a position that she held until 1983. She grew up in New York but spent the last 55 years in Hyde Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here are two examples where an individual has lived a long life, most of it in and around Chicago and rose to a moderate level of success to which that success was met by a notable duration. The article did not specify her financial background and even though she did rise to a high level within the teaching profession. The headline and byline of the obituary makes the reader believe that simply a teacher would not have been given so many inches of column space unless the duration of his/her tenure was to the length that it was noteworthy. The third and last obituary is of Dr. Kenneth Rehage. (1910-2007) (Jensen, 2007) He was from the area as a professor at the University of Chicago in the 1960’s. This fact alone, on a slow news day would ensure his placement within the obituary section of The Chicago Tribune along with his long life. But what made his life even more noteworthy was the fact that he spent the last half of his life setting up secondary schools in Pakistan. Not only did he set up schools there but traveled there hundreds of times in order to help train the instructors there. Dr. Rehange spoke the language and left his home open to students from Pakistan to stay and consider his home and place away from home. He is remembered fondly by his former students even though he stopped teaching in the 1970’s. Dr. Rehange was not a man of great wealth and the headline of his obituary talks only about his development of schools in Pakistan. In this respect, his social class was a contributing factor but if he was just another rich man who had died, it does not seem probable that his life would have made the obituary section. He was a humanitarian to a degree that is not seen in a day to day basis and that is why he made the Tribune. The Chicago Tribune, reaching a population of millions, has a great deal of space restraint that they have to follow. There has to be a selection process in order to place the obituaries of people who have established their life as one whose death will serve as an impediment to some aspect of Chicago and its surrounding area. The kindly neighbor down the street will not be a likely selection to make the Tribune but would rather be a better fit in any of the local papers in the area. Each of the three obituaries that were described had a 1 inch by 2 inch picture along with roughly 300-400 words used to describe their life. It is impossible for the obituary section to follow this format for every person who dies in Chicago on a given day. So unfortunately, a father who is extremely important to his family as well as his co workers and wife of 50 years, will not be seen as â€Å"important enough† to make the Tribune. He has no great wealth, made no special discovery or contribution to science nor did he hit 500 home runs. But if his family wants him to be remembered in print, most towns will have the space available to detail their loved ones life in print in a way that would honor their humble, though important, achievements. LITERATURE CITED Kates, Joan. Longtime Securities Trader. Chicago Tribune February 19, 2007 Section 3 p. 9 Jensen, Trevor. Helped Develop Schools in Pakistan. Chicago Tribune February 21, 2007 Section 3 p. 11

Anaemia During Pregnancy: Case Study

Anaemia During Pregnancy: Case Study ANAEMIA DURING PREGNANCY The wonder and joy ofpregnancyis matched by the bodys ability to adapt to looking after the growing baby. In addition to the mothers physiologic needs, there is the additional need to provide the building blocks for optimal growth of the baby. All this construction requires energy and oxygen as the fuel that helps drive the engine. Oxygen in the air that we breathe is delivered to the cells of the body by haemoglobin, a protein molecule found in red blood cells. When the blood lacks level of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin it leads to a condition called anaemia. The main part of red blood cells is haemoglobin that binds to oxygen. If red blood cells is too few or the haemoglobin is abnormal or low , the cells in the body will not get enough oxygen. The body goes through significant changes when a woman is pregnant. Anaemia is a common disorder in pregnancy, which affect 20 to 60% of the pregnant women. About 20 to 30% of blood increases in the body, which increases the supply of iron and vitamins which are required in the production of haemoglobin. Most of the mothers lack adequate amount of iron during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. A mild anaemia is normal during pregnancy due to increase in the blood volume, but however a severe anaemia can put the baby at high risk of iron deficiency later in infancy. There are different types of anaemia that can develop during pregnancy such as fotal-deficiency anaemia vitamin B12, deficiency anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia. According to Cashion Alden, Perry (2009) In pregnancy, ladies need extra folate to make the red blood cells to transport oxygen to tissues throughout the body. Folate deficiency can directly contribute to certain types of birth defects. Folate-deficiency anaemia, folate which is also called folic acid, is a type of vitamin which is needed for the body to produce new cells, including healthy red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anaemia is when the body does not have enough iron to produce adequate amounts of haemoglobin, and is the most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy. To form healthy red blood cells the body needs vitamin B12 from her diet, the body would not be able to produce enough healthy red blood cells. Ladies who do not eat meat, poultry, dairy products, and eggs have a risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to birth defects. Severe or anaemia which is untreated can lead to preterm or low-birth-weight baby, postpartum depression, baby with a serious birth defect of spine or brain, prenatal mortality or maternal death. . Some of the symptoms of anaemia during pregnancy are pale skin, lips and nail, feeling tired or weak, dizziness, shortness of breath, and rapid heartbeat. Antenatal care refers to care given to a pregnant woman from the time of conception is confirmed until the beginning of labor. Risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy can be woman pregnant with more than one child, two pregnancies close together, vomiting a lot because of morning sickness, teenager who is pregnant, not eating enough foods that are rich in iron and heavy periods before became pregnant In nursing process Assessment is the first stage in which nurse carries out a complete and holistic nursing assessment. Normal ward routine of nursing care procedures in antenatal unit at booking and important nursing focus areas is followed. Antenatal booking appointment, which provides the midwife with the valuable background information. The subjective and objective data is collected. The purpose of the visit is to bring together the woman to the maternity service. The information is shared between the mother and the midwife in- order to discuss, plan and implement care for duration of the pregnancy, the birth and postnatal period. During my attachment in antenatal clinic a mother came in for antenatal booking. Collecting her personal history, she is Mrs X, Indian married female. Her date of birth is 22th January, and is now 23 years old. , she is a high school graduate, is able to read and write and follow instructions, able to maintain eye to eye contact and is married to a 25 years old taxi driver named Mr Y. She is staying with her husband, his parents, two brother’s and a sister. They live in a wooden house near the copra mill. The mother is from Waibula but lives with relatives in Namara. Her emergency contacts were of her husband xxxxxxx and cousin sister xxxxxxx. Her family history, Mrs X mother is diabetic and her sister had twins. Mothers medical history was occasionally complains of migraine, and heavy menstrual bleeding. The husband and his elder brother are driving taxi and also they do a casual job in the timber mill. Mrs last normal menstrual period was on 25th of September 2012, her expec ted date of delivery is on the 7th of January 2013. She missed her period for two months. There was no gynaecological history present. Starting with her examinations, the height is 6 feet and 4 inches (1.65m) and is 66 kilograms. The urine test was normal, blood pressure was 80/40mmHg, temperature of 37.5 °C,pulse rate: 114 bpm, respiratory rate: 28 bpm skin: (+) pallor, (-) jaundice, (-) cyanosis, head:, EENT: pale palpebral conjunctiva, negative cervical lymp adenpathy chest, lungs: symmetrical chest expansion, (-) retractions heart: adynamic precordium, tachycardia, (-) thrills, (-) murmur abdomen: globular, soft, normal and active bowel sounds, non-tender extremities: pale nail beds, cold upper and lower extremities (-) cyanosis, weak peripheral pulsesneurological: No found neurological deficits rectal exam: No haemorrhoids, no fissures, no masses, palpated, no tenderness, intact rectal vault, good sphincter tone. In the blood test, the full blood count was done and was low an d proven to be anaemic. In order to ensure that the outcome of the pregnancy is the best for mother and baby, a routine is undertaken which is embraced by the term â€Å" antenatal care†. Fraser and Copper (2009) stated â€Å" the aims of antenatal care is to monitor the progress of pregnancy to .maternal and fetal health, developing a partnership with the woman, providing a holistic approach to the woman’s care that meets her individual needs, promoting an awareness of her public health issues for the woman and her family, exchanging information with the woman and her family, enabling them to make informed choices about pregnancy and birth, being an advocate for the woman and her family during her pregnancy, supporting her right to choose care appropriate for her own needs and those of her family, recognizing complications of pregnancy and appropriately referring woman to the obstetric team or relevant health professionals or other organizations, facilitating the wom an and her family in preparing to meet the demands of birth, making a birth plan, facilitating the woman to make an informed choice about methods of feeding and giving appropriate and sensitive advice to support her decision and offering parenthood education within a planned programme or an individual basis†.(P.g 265). During booking the mothers blood was sent in the laboratory for tests. The haemoglobin level 12g/dL or if it is the haematocrit less than 30% in a pregnant woman. Then it proves that the woman is anaemic. Mrs X haemoglobin level was 8.7g/dL and hemocrit was 25% , so it proved that she is anaemic. It is the risk to the mother and the fetus., So the nursing problem was diagnosed to Mrs X that she was suffering from Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Fraser et al. (2009) stated â€Å" iron deficiency anaemia is the most common hematologic disorder in pregnancy, it affects approximately 15% to 25% of pregnant woman, depending on the ethnic and socioeconomic groups being studied†.(P.g 872). After the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia Mrs X was referred to the doctor. The body produces more blood to support the growth of the body. The existence of a hematologic abnormally increases the pregnant women’s risk for developing more complication such as infection or preterm delivery If the mother not getting enough iron or certain other nutrients, the body might not be able to produce the amount of red blood cells it needs to make this additional blood. Taylor, Lillies, Lemone Lynn (2011) stated â€Å" carbohydrates, protein and fats are potential sources of energy for the body†.(P.g 1158). Mrs X presented with symptoms of pale skin, lips and nails, feeling tired or weak, dizziness, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate and trouble concentrating. It is very important to assess the wellbeing of the fetus. This was done by checking the fetal movement and listening to the fetal heart sound using a fetal cardio graph machine. The bloods were performed to see the changes that may indicate worsening of anaemia. The nurses has its own independent role scope of practice to ensure that the mother and fetus are healthy. The nurses role in managing the pregnant woman in this case of Mrs X are as follows. Nurses can be councillor, collaborator and advocator. The role of the nurse at first step will be taking or monitoring vital signs of the mother and thefetal heart rate. To assess the fetal heart rate, fetal heart sound and fetal kick count was monitored. Urine check is another important role of nurse in monitoring an anaemic mother. The mother will be asked to bring along a urine sample for glucose and protein level. In early pregnancy if protein level will be high it can be sign of problems including urinary tract infection, a kidney disorder , high blood pressure or diabetes. If in later pregnancy protein of high level is found is sign of pre-eclampsia. Taking of height and weight measurements is another role of a nurse, also to work out body mass index. Potter, Perry, Stockert Hill (2013) st ated â€Å" body mass index (BMI) measures weight corrected for height and serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships†.(P.g 56). Since the nurse knows the diagnosis of Mrs Mrs Xshe can advise on what kind of foods to consume .She was advised to take foods that are rich in iron examples are red meat, egg yolks, dark leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron-enriched cereals, grains, chicken giblets, beans, lentils, and liver. Establishment of quiet and peaceful environment to promote rest. During her hospitalization Mrs X was served with full diet. The nurse also taught to the woman on correct positioning while resting.The nurses also did health education with the husband on health. Nurses need to follow the physicians orders in giving the prescribed medications on time.They also advised on personal hygiene. In antenatal care the nurse needs to collaborate with other health care professionals, such as dietician, the obstetric, doctor, haematologists and physiotherapist. To enablepeople to make informed and practical choices about food and lifestyle in health and disease, the role of a dietician comes in, dietetics is the interpretation and communication of nutrition science. The role of a dietician was to prepare a food guideline for Mrs X. Obstetric team works with patients who are wanting to become to become pregnant, is pregnant or have recently delivered. The obstetricnurse have plenty roles in managing an anaemic mother. Mrs Narayan was admitted, reviewed, history taken, vaginal examination, fetal heart tones, and duration and intensity of contractions was done by an obstetric nurse. Paediatrician doctoradvised on healthy and successful delivery of Mrs Narayan, also advised on diet and medication compliance. Paediatrician doctor also took blood and urine test. The roleof midwife is to provide pregnancy care to woman during pregnancy and during birth. The midwife took Mrs X medical history and explained in detail the limitations and risks associated with pregnancy while being anaemic. The midwifealso checked urine for protein and heart beats for the developing baby. Health education was also provided by the midwife. The doctor was also responsible to prescribe medications, examination and to consider delivery if the condition of mother gets worse and fetus gets distressed. The physiotherapist taught Mrs X on exercise that was helpful to her. There are rationales behind the nurses independent roles in ensuring the well-being of the mother and the fetus. As stated earlier monitoring of vital signs, it is very important because to see if Mrs X condition is stable or not. Also same for the fetal heart rate and fetal sounds to see if everything is normal or not. Monitoring fetal heart rate and fetal sound to ensure that the fetus is not distressed. Urine checkis also important factor, it is done by the nurses to see if the glucose and protein level is normal or requires attention. Taking of height and weight is also important to see if mother is healthy and gaining weight since she is pregnant.Also to calculate the body mass index of the mother. The nurse providing health education on her diet, encouraging her to take iron rich foods to prevent or stop Mrs X from getting anaemic. The nurse administers medication as prescribed by the doctors to make Mrs X to improve on her health.Personal hygiene is really important because th e way mother keeps her self affects or reflects the fetus as well. There are rationales behind the professionals collaborative roles in establishing or giving quality care to the pregnant mother. Taking of history from the mother is to know whether she had any past medical problems, such as gynaecological issues or any surgeries that can hinder her present pregnancy. Doctors or paediatricians take samples of blood to see if mother is seriously anaemic or requires attention, or to see if there could be any complications.The rationale of doctors doing vaginal examination is to see cervical dilation or any complications which can arise. Counselling by the doctors of having proper diet or dieticians, to improve the condition of the mother and avoiding complications. Obstetric team was to ensure that if emergency develops there could be urgent need to conduct delivery in caesarean section, because they have knowledge on when and how to conduct delivery in emergency situation. Doctors presenting medication to increase iron level in the blood. Physiotherap ist needed to educate mother on exercise to help her in delivery. During the end of the antenatal clinic, the strengths and weakness of Mrs X was found and identified, it was recorded in evaluation. Mrs X was adjusted to what the plan was ruled out for her. Her strengths were that she followed her diet to what the dieticians planned for her. The health education was really effective to her and her husband supported on her diet and growing fetus. The family support was also there and she was in happy environment, free of fear and anxiety. Mrs X also took her tablets on time and gained weight. Another blood test was done and was found out that her haemoglobin level was normal. The benefitsof maternal iron supplementation on these outcomes are unclear, even for woman who develop anaemia during pregnancy. There is vivid evidence that maternal iron deficiencyanaemia increases the risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Iron supplementsimprove the iron status of the mother during pregnancy and during the postpartum period, even in woman who enter pregnancy with reasonable iron stores. Through my point of view, the mass of evidence supports the practice of routine iron supplementation during pregnancy, even though iron is most common and important for woman who have anaemia. ( Approx: 2443 words.) Reference Potter, P, A., Perry, A, G., Stockert, P, A., Hill, A, M. (2013). Fundamentals Of Nursing (8th ed.). United States Of America: Mosby. Fraser, D, M., Copper, M, A. (2009). Myles: Textbook for midwives (15th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Lowdermilk, D, L., Perry, S, E., Cashion, K., Alden, K, R. (2012). Maternity Women’s Health Care ( 10th ed.). United States Of America: Mosby. Taylor, C, R., Lillis, C., Lemone, P., Lynn, P. (2011). Fundammentals Of Nursing: The art and science of nursing care (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Reeder, S, J., Martin, L, L., Martin, L, L. (1997). 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