Programming Languages Essay

The advent of the modern era gave rise to the growth of the importance of computers and technology to the lives of the humans. The ease with which using computers is associated has attracted users to further improve the way computers can better serve humans. One of the ways that computer was improved was through programming languages. Programming languages was developed and was further enhanced. A programming language is defined as an artificial language essential in writing instructions (â€Å"Programming Language†) and computer programs in a series of instructions that humans can understand and compilers and linkers can read. This program is then translated into a machine code that the computer can understand and run (Bolton). Programming languages did not come easy, as its first inventions were difficult to operate. In the 1940s, computer programs required programmers to write the sequences of digits that the computer performed. It was not just difficult but was bound to errors. Programmers were supposed to write memory locations. This was not possible at all times when there are errors (â€Å"Programming Language†). This proved to be inefficient and slow. Soon computer languages were developed to address these problems (Bolton). Some of the programming languages used then are Fortran, Cobol, and Basic. These were the programming languages that were used during the 1960s and the 1970s (Bolton). Fortran, which stands the for Formula Translation, was the first language to be developed by IBM during the late 1950s. This language gives importance to the efficiency of compilation and execution. Cobol, on the other hand, was developed during the 1960s as a business application language for mini and mainframe programming (â€Å"Cobol†). Another programming language that was developed in 1960s that was used for microcomputer programming purposes is BASIC (â€Å"Programming Language†). It stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC was developed to be an alternative for Fortran (Smillie). Today, the widely used programming languages are C, C++, and Java. The C programming language was developed in 1970s at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for the Operating Systems (Bolton), and was used for commercial applications (â€Å"Programming Language†). It was developed mainly as a systems language for the UNIX environment (Smillie). It is still used today on Unix and Linux systems (Bolton). The C++ programming language, on the other hand, was developed in 1980s at AT&T Bell Laboratories (â€Å"Programming Language†) and is the oldest among the three (Akhverdyan). Its developers considered it to be a superset of C, and both were used for the introductory computing courses (Smillie). The primary purpose for developing the language was adding Object Oriented Programming to C (Bolton). The computer programming industry liked to use C++ because it allows the allocation of memory and deleting it whenever the user wants. Moreover, C++ contains the features that Java offers, and it allows the user to make the program in an â€Å"object oriented manner† (Akhverdyan). Java was developed by Sun, mainly designed to write programs for computer chips in electronic appliances. Later on, Java was discovered to be ideal for designing and implementing programs for the Internet (Smillie). It is easier to use because its commands are English based, and not in numeric codes. Further, humans can easily read and write in Java (Leahy). It is better than the previously mentioned programming languages because it has an applet, a feature that only Java has. Applets are used in the World Wide Web. Another feature of Java is that it is cross-platform, which means that the code written in Windows can be compiled in other operating systems (Bolton). Other characteristics of Java are its ease of use, security, reliability and platform independence (Leahy). Works Cited Akhverdyan, Hamik. 2009 January 5. How to Choose the Right Programming Language. Associated Content. 12 January 2009 . Bolton, David. 2009. What is a Programming Language? Associated Content. 12 January 2009 . â€Å"Cobol. † 2008. Answers. com. 12 January 2009 . Leahy, Paul. 2009. What is Java? About. com. 12 January 2009 . â€Å"Programming Language. † 2008. Answers. com. 12 January 2009 . Smillie, Keith. 2006. â€Å"Programming Then and Now: From the LGP-30 to the laptop. † 12 January 2009 .

Job's Friends, and their Contribution to the Message of Job Research Paper

Job's Friends, and their Contribution to the Message of Job - Research Paper Example Resultantly, Satan is allowed to destroy Job’s wealth, family and health. Stripped of all his wealth, children and smitten with a malignant boil that covers him head-to-toe, three of Job’s friends Bildad, Zophar and Eliphaz come to comfort him. Their company opens a lengthy dialogue that covers four-fifths of the book. The dialogue among these four friends is interrupted by Elihu and ultimately, God. As shall be seen forthwith, it is not in doubt that the friends play critical roles in the Book of Job- that they fail miserably to comfort Job, notwithstanding.1 In the discourse, Job’s friends attributed Job’s great suffering to sin. Among many other instances, this can be seen in Job 4:1 and 7 where Eliphaz tells Job that those who are innocent cannot suffer harm. Again, in Job 5:17-18, Eliphaz exhorts Job to appreciate the chastising discipline of God. The import of Eliphaz’s reasoning is that misfortunes overtake the evildoers while good things hap pen to the upright in conduct. Therefore, the conclusion that Eliphaz is making is that the misfortunes that have befallen Job are as a result of Job’s sins.2 The flipside of the three friends’ rationale is that so-called bad people cannot get good things. This line of thought is seen in the same book’s references such as 5:5, 15:29 and 18:9. ... To tell such a child that because of his sins, he will have to face life in his parents’ absence and bear the overwhelming sense of loss would be the height of unfathomable insensitivity and shallowness. This makes Eliphaz’s idea on suffering very hard to provide comfort for the suffering innocent. This mentality is the same reason why Job’s comforters inadvertently became his tormentors. Because of the case above, Job’s friends open up a door for the rethinking of the theology that suffering is solely caused by sin. In Christian theology, although Adam’s sin opened the world to suffering, yet, not all suffering that an individual may experience are necessitated by that individual’s sin. On the contrary, instead of lumping suffering as a result of sin, theologians such as Boadt and Ellis have become poignant that suffering is a mystery. In an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of suffering, Boadt and Ellis give insightful standpoints which se parate followers of Christ and those outside Christ. Like Adam who initiated a new system which opened up a Pandora Box of suffering, Christ also initiated a new system through His sacrificial suffering during His Passion. Thus, suffering unites the people of God with Christ.3 Job’s friends also open a door for the discussion on God. Particularly, the false charges that Eliphaz, Zophar and Bildad bring to Job’s charge only foster a siege mentality on the side of Job. Because of this, in his attempt to defend himself, Job insinuates that God is unfairly treating him. Given that Job’s three friends have very limited insight on the nature of God and the developments materializing in Job’s life, it behooved God to stand up for Himself (from Job 38-42:6). God’s

Relative or friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relative or friend - Essay Example I have one brother and two sisters in my family. Both of my parents belong to working class. My father is a lawyer and my mother is a doctor. I am the eldest among my siblings. In my very early years of life, when I was the only child of my parents, I was given a lot of attention. My parents focused their complete attention on me which made me feel special. I remember my cousin would tell me whenever we met that his brother fought with him over petty matters, and did not share his toys with him. That made me feel sorry for him, yet I was happy that I had no one to share my toys with. I agree that I sound quite selfish but that was a matter of the past when I was only four years of age. I think quite differently about my siblings now, as I am grown up! When I was four years old, one fine morning my mom and dad brought a baby with them and told me that he was my brother. I was surprised at this shocking yet exciting discovery. It was a moment of both pleasure and displeasure for me. I had mixed feelings towards my younger brother, Jonny. I envied him as my mother took him into her lap and my father sang him nursery rhymes. I watched him grow up. As more time passed, I realized Jonny had made a big impact upon my personal relationship with mom and dad. With Jonny to take care of, mom and dad would not give me half as much time as they used to give me when I was their only child. I should not say they intentionally did it. May be it is just as difficult for all parents to balance their attention between all of their children. May be parents just do as they feel is required. Perhaps mom and dad thought I was sufficiently grown up to take care of things and understand matters while Jonny required more attention. Anyway, I was disturbed by this change. It felt quite unpleasant. I was in the kindergarten and had started to go to school while Jonny would stay at home. Mom and dad did explain to me that he was younger, so he had to be at home and that I was old enough to go to school, but their explanation hardly ever convinced me. However, soon after I started to go to school, I found studies quite interesting. May be that was a means of escape from the tensions arising from my lost status at home or perhaps, studies were really quite interesting, but I loved my education anyway. Time passed away and I approached grade 4. It was also Jonny’s second year in school. He was not quite good in studies and mom and dad had had a tough time making him study. I remember in grade 4, I read a chapter in my course book that explained to me my responsibilities towards Jonny as an elder brother. It was a very thought provoking and eye opening chapter for me and I learnt some great lessons from that. Having read the chapter, I realized that I was not fulfilling even half of my duties as an elder brother. I had never helped Jonny in his studies. Somehow, in my subconscious, I knew that if I took slight interest in teaching Jonny, he would come on the right track. That day, I decided I would change my attitude towards Jonny. I decided to fulfill my duties as an elder brother. I can not exactly tell whether it was a way to get back mom and dad’s attention that I was so longing for, but I became a loving and responsible elder brother. I helped Jonny learn nursery rhymes. I taught him how to write alphabets, how to pronounce them, how to link alphabets so

Kyiv Duty Free's Organisational Culture. A comparison between the Essay

Kyiv Duty Free's Organisational Culture. A comparison between the organisational cultural aspirations of its senior management, and the perceptions of it's fron - Essay Example The discussion not only centers on the question of whether corporate culture affects or indeed effects organizational effectiveness, but also on the very nature of corporate culture. Is the notion of corporate culture a tangible phenomenon, or is it, as suggested by Morgan (1997) a metaphor, through which to explain complex aspects of organizational behaviour? Does the analysis of corporate culture depend upon a homogeneous set of variables through which to analyse those phenomena, or is corporate culture an umbrella for a whole range of cultures within the organization? These might include a culture that generates an effective response to change (Burnes, 1996), a marketing culture (Carson et al., 1995), a customer focused culture(Slater & Narver, 1995), a procedure and policy led culture, an enterprise culture (Gray, 1998), a learning culture (Choueke & Armstrong, 1998). The current research focuses on the differences between the perceptions of rank and file and management employees of Kyiv Duty Free. Through an analysis of such differences, means on how to achieve their end future state could be undertaken more smoothly. There is a need to distinguish between what might be termed "the formal culture" and "the informal culture". The formal culture being that recognized and often "managed" by the owners or senior management of the organization, and the informal being a consequence of both social and job-related interaction both within teams and departments. Schein (1996, p. 9) articulates the difficulties that can be experienced in communication between groups within the same organization. He identifies three typologies: "executives", "engineers" and "operators", each having a mutually exclusive paradigm on the organization and the key drivers of that The discussion on corporate culture and the question of whether culture has an effect upon organizational development

Low cost airlines vs legacy carriers in today market it is for a Term Paper

Low cost airlines vs legacy carriers in today market it is for a mircoeconomics class - Term Paper Example What legacy carriers failed to understand in the past is the combined efforts by low cost carriers to introduce cheap tickets and short flights. However, from an economic point of view, this can be explained using economics of scale, many cheap, short flights incur less costs than a few costly, long flights. Therefore, the logic behind the low cost airline strategy is to cut operational costs and increase service revenue (Huse and Evangelho, 2007). With the current economic downturn, the strategy utilized by low cost airlines is finally beginning to take shape, the executive decisions to hem down costs by engaging in short haul flights are reducing costs by a big margin, resulting in the ultimate profitability of the industry. In the current market, the influx in online booking and the increase in the services offered by an airline have completely changed the airline industry; services like high-seat density, package delivery, flight insurance and baggage charges have served to increase the revenues for low cost airlines. The graph below shows the change in economic niche of legacy carriers and an example of a low cost carrier, Southwest airlines (Adapted from Neal and Kassens-Noor, 2010). This discussion has focused on the cost cutting factors and success of low cost airlines in the industry. Due to this success, some legacy carriers are trying to get in the low cost industry market (Bowerman, 2011). However, the question is; will the market serve both the low cost carriers and revamped legacy airlines? The answer to this question is no, as discussed in the following analysis. The assumption that all carriers will achieve profits if they engage in low cost business is based on the economic principle of ceterus paribus, meaning all things equal (Miller, 2005). However, in the airline industry, not all things are equal, because for the low cost industry to survive there must be legacy carriers against

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example Thesis statement: The stylistic features in the artwork named as Fox Games, by the renowned artist named as Sandy Skoglund, prove that the artist combined different elements of art (composition), provided importance to the usage of contrasting colors (color), the decision to use light/shadow determines the artwork’s visual beauty, perspective provides depth to the theme, figures help the viewers to evaluate the differences among different figures, pose elevates the artwork from predictability to originality, and gestures provide charm to the work as a whole. One can see that unity is the basic element of composition within visual art. As this term (composition) is superimposed into the scenario of the artwork-Fox Games (see appendix-1), is evident that the artwork can be easily detached as animate objects (fox and human beings) and inanimate objects (chairs, tables, chandelier, table cloth, food etc) and enjoyed differently. Still, there is a symmetrical connection among these visual elements in general. Similarly, the sense of movement is visible in the artwork because the foxes dominate the artwork as a whole. For instance, the presence of foxes is symbolic of fast movement, and the human images/figures in the artwork are symbolic of slow movement. On the other side, the chandelier is the focal point of the artwork and this is symbolic of the division between two worlds in general. The basic pattern within the artwork proves that the artist is obsessed with curved and straight lines. For instance, the basic proportion of the room is s ymbolic of straight lines and the table cloth (curved lines) and other elements are symbolic of the wise usage of pattern within the artwork. Similarly, Skoglund provides ample importance to proportion and the same is evident in the proportionate alignment of objects in the artwork. So, it is evident that the artist provides ample importance to composition, and the

Public Utilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public Utilities - Essay Example Regulatory commissions must them establish the measure of value for each of these items; these value determinations are made, not found, rendering the overall value relatively unknown. In a competitive market, value is determined by normal market processes such as supply and demand. However, in the case of regulated industries, earnings are dependant upon the rates established by the regulatory commissions-if rates are set low, the value is consequently low, and the same results from rates that are set high. Time variant rates might occur when the public being served fluctuates in their demands of the public utility. For example, residents living in the northern states will go through periods within the year where they will need more heat, creating a demand for electricity and gas power and services. These times, referred to as "peak times," can cause temporary fluctuations in the rates to ensure proper distribution of the appropriate services. Similarly, phone and Internet companies can see the same fluctuating demands at various times in the day as changes in shifts occur at work or school for the public. As people are relieved from their jobs, they might see the need to begin using the phone to contact family members, set appointments, or call other places of business for problems or clarification of services and bills. These time variant rates can often lead to drastic increases or decreases in rates for a short period, and can also add to the public's opinion of how necessary the s ervices might be. For example, several phone companies across the United States offer a standing rate for service; however, the rates on Sundays for long distance service might decrease drastically to provide consumers with an opportunity to contact family members that live out of state. The development of cell phone technology has further dropped the rates for long distance phone service. However, to continually regulate the rates at which the public utility companies are charging the public, regulatory commissions at the public, state, and federal levels are necessary for several reasons. The first step to successfully regulating industries categorized as public utilities is making sure the public within the communities realize the economic advantages of holding regulated monopolies rather than competitive businesses. After the need for regulations have been expressed, the agencies provided these responsibilities must ensure that they are regulating the industries to the best of their abilities; doing so will not only provide necessary services to the public, but will also offer large economic growth to the community. (Phillips 9). To regulate effectively, state and federal regulation commissions must pay close attention to the methods with which they are regulating their respective areas of industry. They must carefully watch the overall expenditures of the industry to ensure that they are within acceptable limits. Performance evaluations should be used to ensure the overall effectiveness of employees working in the public utility industry. Regulating price control by maintaining knowledge over the current markets being served and the overall cost of