Learn About Petcoke

Learn About Petcoke Petroleum coke, or petcoke, is a byproduct from the refining of crude oil. It consists mostly of carbon, with variable amounts of sulfurs and heavy metals. It has many industrial uses, including the production of batteries, steel, and aluminum. Lower-grade petcoke, which contains higher concentrations of sulfur, is used as fuel in coal-fired power plants and cement kilns. Lower-grade coal is estimated to represent 75% to 80% of all petcoke produced. The production of petcoke in North America has increased in recent years due to the refining of crude oil originating from Canada’s tar sands region. If all the recoverable bitumen (the â€Å"proven reserves†) from tar sands was removed and refined, several billion tons of petcoke could be produced. When operating at capacity, large U.S. refineries can produce 4,000 to over 7,000 tons of petcoke per day. In 2012 the United States exported 184 million barrels (33 million metric tons) of petcoke, predominantly to China. A lot of petcoke is also produced in Canada, in close proximity to the tar sands, where bitumen is upgraded into synthetic crude oil or syncrude.  Ã‚   A Troublesome Source of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Bitumen’s high density, or what gives it that semi-solid consistency, is explained by the fact that it contains more carbon than conventional oil. Refining crude oil from tar sands involves the reduction of the number of carbon atoms per hydrocarbon molecule. These discarded carbon atoms eventually form petcoke. Since large volumes of tar sand crude oil are currently refined, large amounts of low-grade petcoke are produced and sold as an inexpensive fuel for coal plants. This burning of petcoke is where tar sand bitumen releases extra carbon dioxide, compared to conventional oil. Petcoke produces more CO2 per pound than almost any other energy source, making it a contributor to greenhouse gases and thus a driver of global climate change. Not Just a Carbon Problem Refining sulfur-rich tar sand bitumen concentrates the sulfur content in the petcoke. Compared to coal, petcoke combustion requires the use of additional pollution controls to capture much of that sulfur. In addition, heavy metals are also concentrated into the petcoke. There are concerned with the release of these metals into the air when petcoke is used as a fuel in a coal power plant. These same concentrated heavy metals can enter the environment at storage sites where large piles of petcoke are staged, uncovered. The epicenter of complaints stemming from petcoke storage seems to be in the Chicago, Illinois, area. Large piles of petcoke, each made of thousands of tons of the dusty material, sit along the Calumet River and come from an oil refinery in nearby Whiting, Indiana. These storage sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Chicago’s Southeast side, where residents complain about dust from the petcoke piles blowing into their neighborhoods.   Indirect Effects: Keeping Coal-Fired Plants Open The recent boom in natural gas production has been a challenge for coal-fired power stations. Many have been closed or converted to natural gas power generators. However, petcoke can be used concurrently with coal in many power plants, a practice known as co-firing. Some technical challenges associated with co-firing exist (from petcoke’s high sulfur content, for example), but the very low price of petcoke could be an important factor to keep coal plants open in an economically competitive energy environment. New life could be breathed into slated-to-close coal power plants, with for a net result elevated CO2 emissions. Sources Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed 11 February 2014. Rahm Emanuel to Propose Ordinance Prohibiting New Petcoke Facilities.OilChange International. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke: The Coal Hiding in the Tar Sands.Oxbow Carbon. Accessed 11 February 2014. Petroleum Coke.Pavone, Anthony. Accessed 11 February 2014. Converting Petroleum Coke to Electricity.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. U.S. Exports of Petroleum Coke.US Energy Information Administration. Accessed 11 February 2014. Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program.

In what way is Capacity (supply) Constrained Assignment

In what way is Capacity (supply) Constrained - Assignment Example This may be due to the capacity (supply) constraint. Capacity constraint can be described as the limiting factor towards achieving the overall organizational objectives. Capacity constraints in cases of travel and tour agencies can be understood from various perspectives, which include but not limited to geographic, legal, political, financial, technology, and communication barriers (Kenny & Fyfe 2005, P. 136). HANATOUR is facing more than the above-mentioned capacity constraints considering that it is yet to take advantage of global presence. In other words, HANA TOUR is not in position to serve all its customers especially potential clients owing to financial, geographical, technological, political, legal, and human resources limitation. Geographical limitation is evident in the fact that HANATOUR does not enjoy full global presence. HANATOUR is currently operating in approximate 28 countries around the globe. This means that physical limitation, which includes water bodies and geo graphical disparities that calls for massive investment in transportation and establishing offices abroad is a major supply constraint to the company. HANATOUR is not in a position to provide its vital services to the potential customers located in distant areas where the company has not established its branches. Financial limitation is another major capacity constraint affecting HANATOUR. ... Limited human resource personnel is another limiting factor to HANATOUR. The company is expanding gradually and as such, it has not reached a point of employing a large group of personnel to serve additional branches in different location. Now the available personnel is not in a position to serve the ever bulging demand for the tours and travel services. Legal issues form another significant constraint. A number of legislations and regulations govern a number of operations of HANATOUR. This means that non-compliance translates to supply constraint. For instance, the company cannot carryout inbound travel and tour services for a foreign client if the client in question does not have requisite travel documents to South Korea. Communication barrier is at times a limiting factor towards serving the needs of the client. The world is certainly a diversified place with respect to language differences as people for different places speak and understand different languages. HANATOUR may at ti mes find it difficult to serve certain class of clients especially those that are speaking unique languages. Political issues such as riots, political instability, and strikes may at times limit the operations of HANATOUR. This is because tours and travel services highly depend on a calm political environment and as such, any interference on the political environment is no doubt a limiting factor towards achieving organization goal. HANATOUR is yet to adopt various IT systems related to travel and tours services (About company, 2012). Lack of appropriate It system has been a major limiting factor to the company preventing it from meeting the demands of their customers adequately. It is obvious that there exists a

Planetary Defense For Cosmic Collisions Research Paper

Planetary Defense For Cosmic Collisions - Research Paper Example A science fiction plot? Not according to many authors who have presented a similar scenario as historical fact over the years.† In addition, Ellen Tan (1996) proposed a collision or near-collision between the Earth and an asteroid, comet, or planet during the prehistoric time period is one of the reasons given for the untimely disappearance of the fabled Atlantis. The story stating that the collision from an asteroid, comet, or heavenly body is one of the reasons given for the deluge story, in the Genesis section of the Holy Bible. The same collision theory is also given for the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt. Further, David Levy (1994;181) proposes â€Å"Imagine a peaceful, steamy night with mighty Triceratops drinking water from a pond, watching for their enemy Tyrannosaurus Rex. Brighter than the brightest stars, a comet dominates the night. For several weeks now, the comet has brightened as it approached the sun, its long tail making it look like a sword in the sky. By the next afternoon, it is all over. With large thunderclaps and a huge crash, the comet slams into the Earth in what is now the Caribbean basin, just off the coast of the present-day Yucatà ¡n.† The meteorite glowed brightly as it invades the Earth’s delicate atmosphere and evaporated. The comet is very huge that it literally plows through bringing the impression that the air is absent to slow down the incoming heavenly objects. As the heavenly object touches the water surface, high walls of water skyrocket from the point of falling object’s zooming impact into the air. Consequently, millions of tons of dust blast skyward in a gigantic cloud. Furthermore, the same author states that materials excavated from the collision site bounce back into the atmosphere in smaller splintered pieces. The smaller pieces are distributed over the entire Earth’s surface. Around the world, the splintered pieces dot the

The Transformation of Ishmael in Snow Falling on Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

The Transformation of Ishmael in Snow Falling on Cedars What can be said about a novel of such luminance as Snow Falling on Cedars that has not already been said? Certainly it is a work of much vision and insight and speaks volumes about prejudice and race. The wordplay of Guterson creates a world of vivid reality-it surrounds the reader with sights, smells and a clearly defined sense of touch. Perhaps lost amidst the smells of the strawberry fields, the cold of the winter storm, and the deep social statements about the nature and quirkiness of prejudice is the fact that this beautifully crafted story of immense complexity is in reality a very simple story about the identity of one man. Guterson himself says, "Post-modernism is dead because it didn't address human needs. The conventional story endures because it does. I'm interested in themes that endure from generation to generation" (qtd. in Kanner). This book is a conventional story, a simple story about the internal battle of Ishmael Chambers as he struggles with himself. This is made evident in the subtle and not too subtle comparisons made between Ishmael and other characters. Taking all of this into account reveals that the true theme of the book centers on the transformation of Ishmael from weak to strong. First, who is Ishmael Chambers? He is the son of a very well-respected and prominent citizen of San Piedro, Arthur Chambers. When Arthur dies, Ishmael takes over the job as the local news reporter. He is introduced into the story as a journalist in the trial of Kabuo Miyamoto and appears to remain aloof, a passive third person eye that would analyze the information impartially. In addition to being a reporter, Ishmael is also a war veteran with a missing limb as a souvenir to boot. The reader gets the feeling that Ishmael plays a small and minor role in the upcoming plot. This, however, is false. As the book gathers momentum, it becomes increasingly clear that Ishmael ties into the fabric of the outcome of the story-from the childhood and young adult romance between Hatsue and him, to the emotional scene where his arm is amputated, to the final climax where he discovers the evidence that can clear Kabuo's name, Ishmael is the crux on which the storyline hinges.

Bei Behavioural Event Interview

Behavioral A common type of job interview in the modern workplace is the behavioral interview or behavioral event interview, also called a competency-based interview. This type of interview is based on the notion that a job candidate's previous behaviors are the best indicators of future performance. In behavioral interviews, the interviewer asks candidates to recall specific instances where they were faced with a set of circumstances, and how they reacted. Typical behavioral interview questions: â€Å"Tell me about a project you worked on where the requirements changed midstream. What did you do? † â€Å"Tell me about a time when you took the lead on a project. What did you do? † â€Å"Describe the worst project you worked on. † â€Å"Describe a time you had to work with someone you didn't like. † â€Å"Tell me about a time when you had to stick by a decision you had made, even though it made you very unpopular. † â€Å"Give us an example of something particularly innovative that you have done that made a difference in the workplace. â€Å"What happened the last time you were late with a project? † â€Å"Have you ever witnessed a person doing something that you felt was against company policy. What did you do and why? † A bad hiring decision nowadays can be immensely expensive for an organization – cost of the hire, training costs, severance pay, loss of productivity, impact on morale, cost of re-hiring, etc. (Gallup international places the cost of a bad hire as being 3. 2 times the individual's salary) . *The AssessmentIndia* Core Competency! Behavioural Event Interviews constitute a powerful tool for numerous organizational processes like recruitment, selection, performance management and even research. The interviews are backward looking and are based on the assumption that human behavior has patterns which repeat. Like the track record of a horse or sportsman, behavioral event interviews seek actual behaviors of a person and the underlying characteristics which power the behaviors like – attitudes, motives, intents, self image, world views or even drives. Based on the work of David McClelland, Flanagan and others, the Behavioral Event Interview presents a powerful tool for the professional. This interview tool looks at critical incidents in a person's life or career and the behavior patterns. Have a well defined competency model and competency framework in an organization and Behavioral Event Interviews can produce sharp competency profiles of people. Often key decisions like putting the right person in the right job are well facilitated by Behavioral Event Interviews.

Attenuation Effect Of Single And Combined Treatment With...

Attenuation effect of caffein and/or nifedipine against selenite-induced cataractogenesis Abstract Objectives: The current study was performed to investigate the anti-cataractogenic effect of single and combined treatment with caffeine and nifedipine in sodium selenite induced cataract. Methods: Seventy five healthy albino Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups; the first group received intraperitoneal injection of saline and served as control, 2nd group received a single subcutaneous injection of 30 nmol/g body weights of sodium selenite to induce cataract. 3rd and 4th groups received 0.1 mg/kg of nifedipine and 5.15 Â µmoles of caffeine respectively, starting two days prior to the administration of selenite and continuing such treatment till the end of experiment. Last group got the combined treatments of nifedipine and caffeine in the same regimen. Animals were decapitated after 5, 15 and 25 days of the experiment. Results: The results indicated a very highly significant decrease (PË‚0.001) in total soluble lens protein and Na+-K+ATPase activity, a very highly significant increase (PË‚0.001) in calcium lens content in selenite cataract group. Also significant changes in the molecular weight and area under peaks estimated in profile of electrophoretic mobility of lens proteins were found in selenite group. All these changes reduced markedly in caffeine and nifedipine group. Conclusions: nutrients with antioxidant capabilities can potentially delay against these changes such

The And Benefits Of Human Sin - 1341 Words

Kamila Hilal Social Foundations I Professor Rosof September 14th, 2014 Two Sides To Every Coin: Weighing the Consequences and Benefits of Human Sin The Tower of Babel, the Fruit of the tree of Knowledge, and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden all share in common the stern consequences of human actions in the face of God. The significance of these biblical events are often associated with negative views of the punishments that were placed. The Tower of Babel is associated with God’s punishment of â€Å"scattering† humans across the earth thus separating a once unified people. The expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden for eating the Fruit of the tree of Knowledge is discerned as a negative outcome for man’s wickedness. Although there is significance in the punishments God places on humans in these chapters of Genesis, positive effects do emerge from these events as well. Among the repercussions of human’s sin emerge free will, the power of choice, and the ability for human beings to develop and evolve. The building of the Tower of Babel and the consequences humankind suffered from doing so portrays the relationship between human beings and God. By building The Tower of Babel, ...a tower with its top in the heavens... (Genesis 11:4), mankind believed that they could reach the realm of God himself, physically but more importantly, symbolically. By buildingShow MoreRelatedSin : A Necessity Of Puritan Society1678 Words   |  7 PagesSin: A Necessity in Puritan Society In 1986, a nuclear power plant at Chernobyl melted down, causing thousands to be evacuated. Fortunately, no one was harmed in this incident. This disaster raised awareness of the potential dangers that could arise from nuclear power plants. Since then, large steps have been taken to increase the safety in power plants to ensure that another accident does not happen. 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